L'impact de la mise en œuvre du système de communication d'échange d'images - PECS sur la compréhension des instructions chez les enfants avec un diagnostic de "trouble du spectre de l'autisme"

Aperçu: G.M.

Objectif:
Le but de cette étude était d'analyser l'impact de la mise en œuvre du système de communication par échange d'images (PECS) sur la compréhension des instructions par les enfants avec un diagnostic de "troubles du spectre de l'autisme" (dTSA). 

Méthodes: Il s'agit d'une étude longitudinale (N ° 0809/2018). L'échantillon était composé de 20 enfants avec un dTSA non verbaux, 15 garçons et 5 filles, âgés de 6 à 12 ans, évalués et diagnostiqués par une équipe multidisciplinaire selon le DSM-5. Pour évaluer la compréhension des instructions, nous avons utilisé huit instructions visuelles et huit instructions orales, qui ont été appliquées à deux points du programme de mise en œuvre du PECS: les premières phases II et IV. Le programme comprenait 24 séances individuelles d'orthophonie avec la présence d'un membre de la famille et suivait les six phases initialement proposées par le manuel de formation PECS. 

Résultats:
Il y a eu une augmentation expressive de la compréhension de toutes les instructions, dans la comparaison entre les deux moments de l'étude; et cette augmentation était statistiquement significative dans six des instructions orales (p = 0,001) et cinq des instructions visuelles (p = 0,002). 

Conclusion:
Il a été possible d'observer l'impact positif de l'utilisation du PECS dans la compréhension des instructions à la fois visuelles et orales, montrant que ce système fournit non seulement un outil de communication augmentatif ou alternatif permettant aux enfants de s'exprimer, mais favorise également une amélioration significative de la la compréhension des informations contextuelles. 

. 2021 May 5;33(2):e20200041.

doi: 10.1590/2317-1782/20202020041. eCollection 2021.

The Impact of the Implementation of the Picture Exchange Communication System - PECS on Understanding Instructions in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders

[Article in Portuguese, English]

Patricia de Almeida Santos  ¹ , Daniela Bordini  ² , Monica Scattolin  ² , Graccielle Rodrigues da Cunha Asevedo  ² , Sheila Cavalcante Caetano  ² , Cristiane Silvestre Paula  ² , Jacy Perissinoto  ¹ , Ana Carina Tamanaha  ¹

Affiliations

• PMID: 33978106
• DOI: 10.1590/2317-1782/20202020041

Abstract

in English, Portuguese

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to analyze the impact of the implementation of the Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS) on the comprehension of instructions by children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD).

Methods: This is a longitudinal study (N° 0809/2018). The sample consisted of 20 children with nonverbal ASDs, 15 boys and 5 girls, aged 6 to 12 years, evaluated and diagnosed by a multidisciplinary team according to the DSM-5. For assessment of the comprehension of instructions, we used eight visual instructions and eight oral instructions, which were applied at two points in the PECS Implementation Program: early phases II and IV. The program consisted of 24 individual speech therapy sessions with the presence of a family member and followed the six phases originally proposed by the PECS Training Manual.

Results: There was an expressive increase in the comprehension of all instructions, in the comparison between the two moments of the study; and this increase was statistically significant in six of the oral instructions (p=0.001) and five of the visual ones (p=0.002).

Conclusion: It was possible to observe the positive impact of the use of PECS in the comprehension of both visual and oral instructions, showing that this system not only provides an augmentative or alternative communication tool for the children to express themselves but also promotes significant improvement in the understanding of contextual information.

Effets de la pandémie de COVID-19 sur les soins de santé et les services mentaux: résultats d'une enquête britannique auprès du personnel de première ligne travaillant avec des personnes handicapées mentales et / ou autistes

Aperçu: G.M.

Buts et méthode:
Les services de santé mentale ont changé leur mode de fonctionnement pendant la pandémie de COVID-19. Nous avons étudié les défis et les innovations rapportés par le personnel travaillant dans les services pour les personnes handicapées mentales et / ou autistes dans les secteurs du National Health Service (NHS) et non-NHS, ainsi que dans les milieux hospitaliers et communautaires. 

Résultats:
Les données ont été tirées de 648 membres du personnel qui ont participé à une enquête en ligne à l'échelle du Royaume-Uni. Les problèmes liés au risque d'infection et à l'atténuation étaient plus importants pour les personnes travaillant dans le NHS et les patients hospitalisés. Le personnel communautaire était plus susceptible de s'inquiéter des aspects pratiques d'une transition rapide vers le travail à distance et la participation des patients à distance. Des données qualitatives ont révélé un soutien pour le maintien du travail du personnel à distance et la fourniture de services à distance après la pandémie. 

Implications cliniques:
Compte tenu de l'accent mis actuellement sur le soutien communautaire aux personnes ayant une déficience intellectuelle et / ou l'autisme, la recherche et la pratique clinique devraient se concentrer sur le développement de modèles accessibles et efficaces de prestation de services à distance.

. 2021 May 12;1-7. doi: 10.1192/bjb.202

Effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental healthcare and services: results of a UK survey of front-line staff working with people with intellectual disability and/or autism

Rory Sheehan  ¹ , Christian Dalton-Locke  ¹ , Afia Ali  ¹ , Norha Vera San Juan  ² , Vaso Totsika  ¹ , Angela Hassiotis  ¹

Affiliations

• PMID: 33977886
• DOI: 10.1192/bjb.2021.52

Abstract

Aims and method: Mental health services have changed the way they operate during the COVID-19 pandemic. We investigated the challenges and innovations reported by staff working in services for people with intellectual disability and/or autism in National Health Service (NHS) and non-NHS sectors, and in in-patient and community settings.

Results: Data were drawn from 648 staff who participated in a UK-wide online survey. Issues around infection risk and mitigation were more important to those working in the NHS and in-patient settings. Community staff were more likely to express concern about the practicalities of a rapid shift to remote working and engaging patients remotely. Qualitative data revealed support for maintaining remote staff working and remote service provision post-pandemic.

Clinical implications: Given the current emphasis on community support for people with intellectual disability and/or autism, the focus of research and clinical practice should be the development of accessible and effective models of remote service provision.

Keywords: COVID-19; autism; coronavirus; intellectual disability; mental health services.

Exposition de la mère aux pesticides et risque de "troubles du spectre de l'autisme" chez la progéniture: une méta-analyse

Aperçu: G.M.

Cette méta-analyse a été menée pour estimer l'association globale entre l'exposition maternelle aux pesticides et le risque de TSA chez la progéniture.
Des rechertches ont été menées sur PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science et PsycINFO jusqu'au 30 décembre 2020 pour inclure les études éligibles.
Huit études avec 50 426 participants, dont 5810 avaient un TSA, ont été impliquées dans l'étude.
Dans l'ensemble, le RC sommaire (intervalle de confiance à 95%) des TSA chez la progéniture pour l'exposition maternelle aux pesticides estimé par les mesures de proximité résidentielle et l'auto-évaluation était de 1,88 (1,10-3,20).
Cependant, l'exposition maternelle aux pesticides mesurée par des biomarqueurs n'était pas associée à un risque accru de TSA (OR combiné 1,13; IC à 95% 0,83-1,54).
D'autres études bien conçues sont nécessaires pour confirmer nos résultats.

• 2021 May 12. doi: 10.1007/s10803-021-05063-z. 

Maternal Exposure to Pesticides and Risk of Autism Spectrum Disorders in Offspring: A Meta-analysis

Li Wang  ¹ , Shiming Tang  ¹ , Songjie Wu  ² , Lihua Yao  ¹ , Dezhen Su  ¹ , Ying Wang  ³

Affiliations

• PMID: 33978908
• DOI: 10.1007/s10803-021-05063-z

Abstract

This meta-analysis was conducted to estimate the overall association between maternal exposure to pesticides and risk of ASD in offspring. PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, and the PsycINFO were searched until December 30, 2020 to include eligible studies. Eight studies with 50,426 participants, 5810 of whom had ASD, were involved in the study. Overall, the summary OR (95% confidence interval) of ASDs in offspring for maternal exposure to pesticide estimated by residential proximity measures and self-report was 1.88 (1.10-3.20). However, maternal exposure to pesticide measured by biomarkers was not associated with an increased risk of ASDs (pooled OR 1.13; 95% CI 0.83-1.54). Further well-designed studies are needed to confirm our findings.

Keywords: Autism; Meta-analysis; Pesticides; Risk factor.

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Les personnes avec un diagnostic de "trouble du spectre de l'autisme" ont une capacité de codage visuel altérée

Aperçu: G.M.

Les anomalies de perception chez les personnes avec un diagnostic de "trouble du spectre de l'autisme" (dTSA) ont été attribuées à un déséquilibre dans la pondération des preuves sensorielles entrantes avec des connaissances préalables lors de l'interprétation des informations sensorielles.
Ici, nous montrons que le codage sensoriel et comment il s'adapte à l'évolution des statistiques de stimulus pendant la rétroaction diffère également de manière caractéristique entre les groupes neurotypiques et TSA.
Dans une tâche d'estimation de l'orientation visuelle, nous avons extrait la précision du codage sensoriel à partir de données psychophysiques en utilisant une mesure théorique de l'information.
Au départ, les représentations sensorielles dans les deux groupes reflétaient les statistiques des orientations visuelles dans les scènes naturelles, mais la capacité d'encodage était globalement plus faible dans le groupe TSA.
L'exposition à une distribution artificielle (c'est-à-dire uniforme) des orientations visuelles couplée à une rétroaction sur les performances a modifié les représentations sensorielles du groupe neurotypique vers les nouvelles statistiques expérimentales, tout en augmentant également leur capacité totale de codage. En revanche, ni la capacité totale de codage ni son allocation n'ont changé de manière significative dans le groupe TSA.
Dans les deux groupes, le degré d'adaptation était corrélé à la capacité d'encodage initiale des participants.
Ces résultats mettent en évidence des déficits substantiels dans le codage sensoriel indépendamment de et potentiellement en plus des déficits dans le décodage des personnes avec un dTSA. 

. 2021 May 12;19(5):e3001215. doi: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001215. 

Individuals with autism spectrum disorder have altered visual encoding capacity

Jean-Paul Noel  ¹ , Ling-Qi Zhang  ² , Alan A Stocker  ^{2   3} , Dora E Angelaki  ¹

Affiliations

• PMID: 33979326
• DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001215

Abstract

Perceptual anomalies in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have been attributed to an imbalance in weighting incoming sensory evidence with prior knowledge when interpreting sensory information. Here, we show that sensory encoding and how it adapts to changing stimulus statistics during feedback also characteristically differs between neurotypical and ASD groups. In a visual orientation estimation task, we extracted the accuracy of sensory encoding from psychophysical data by using an information theoretic measure. Initially, sensory representations in both groups reflected the statistics of visual orientations in natural scenes, but encoding capacity was overall lower in the ASD group. Exposure to an artificial (i.e., uniform) distribution of visual orientations coupled with performance feedback altered the sensory representations of the neurotypical group toward the novel experimental statistics, while also increasing their total encoding capacity. In contrast, neither total encoding capacity nor its allocation significantly changed in the ASD group. Across both groups, the degree of adaptation was correlated with participants' initial encoding capacity. These findings highlight substantial deficits in sensory encoding-independent from and potentially in addition to deficits in decoding-in individuals with ASD.

Symptômes du trouble déficitaire de l'attention avec hyperactivité (TDAH), psychopathologie concomitante, problèmes de comportement et symptômes gastro-intestinaux chez les enfants et les adolescents avec un diagnostic de "trouble du spectre de l'autisme

Aperçu: G.M.

Objectifs:
L'étude vise à étudier les symptômes du trouble déficitaire de l'attention avec hyperactivité (TDAH), les symptômes gastro-intestinaux (GI), la psychopathologie comorbide et les problèmes de comportement chez les enfants et les adolescents avec un diagnostic de "trouble du spectre de l'autisme" (dTSA). 

Méthodes:
Les parents de 147 enfants et adolescents avec un dTSA âgés de 6 à 18 ans ont rempli le formulaire Conners 3 pour les parents, l'inventaire des symptômes gastro-intestinaux, l'inventaire des problèmes de comportement et du trouble du spectre de l'autisme - comorbide chez les enfants. 

Résultats:
56% des enfants et adolescents avaient un diagnostic comorbide de TDAH, mais plus de 70% présentaient des symptômes de TDAH cliniquement significatifs. 40% des participants ont reçu un diagnostic de TDAH avant le TSA et 25,6% ont reçu un diagnostic de TSA en premier. Des relations ont été trouvées entre les symptômes du TDAH et la psychopathologie comorbide, les symptômes gastro-intestinaux et les problèmes de comportement. 

Conclusions:
Les résultats suggèrent que le TDAH est sous-estimé en tant que trouble comorbide des TSA. Cela peut avoir des implications sur le traitement et les interventions chez les enfants et les adolescents qui ont un diagnostic de TSA et de TDAH. 

• 2021 May 11;1-11. doi: 10.1017/ipm.2020.135. 

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms, comorbid psychopathology, behaviour problems and gastrointestinal symptoms in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder

Geraldine Leader  ¹ , Roisín Moore  ¹ , June L Chen  ² , Aoife Caher  ¹ , Sophia Arndt  ¹ , Leanne Maher  ¹ , Katie Naughton  ¹ , Reanna Clune  ¹ , Arlene Mannion  ¹

Affiliations

• PMID: 33973506
• DOI: 10.1017/ipm.2020.135

Abstract

Objectives: The study aims to investigate attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms, gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms, comorbid psychopathology and behaviour problems in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder (ASD).

Methods: Parents of 147 children and adolescents with ASD aged 6-18 years completed the Conners 3 Parent-Short Form, Gastrointestinal Symptom Inventory, Behavior Problems Inventory-Short Form and Autism Spectrum Disorder-Comorbid for Children.

Results: Fifty-six per cent of children and adolescents had a comorbid diagnosis of ADHD, yet over 70% presented with clinically significant ADHD symptoms. Forty per cent of participants received a diagnosis of ADHD before ASD and 25.6% received a diagnosis of ASD first. Relationships were found between ADHD symptoms and comorbid psychopathology, GI symptoms, and behaviour problems.

Conclusions: The outcomes suggest that ADHD is being underestimated as a comorbid disorder of ASD. This may have implications on treatment and interventions for children and adolescents who have a diagnosis of both ASD and ADHD.

Keywords: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD); autism spectrum disorder; behaviour problems; comorbidity; gastrointestinal symptoms.