Déploiement de l'attention auditive chez les jeunes adultes avec un diagnostic de "trouble du spectre de l'autisme"

Aperçu: G.M.

La difficulté à écouter dans des environnements bruyants est une plainte fréquente des personnes avec un diagnostic de "trouble du spectre de l'autisme" (dTSA). Cependant, les mécanismes sous-jacents à ces défis de traitement auditif sont inconnus. 

Cette étude préliminaire a examiné le déploiement de l'attention auditive chez les adultes avec un dTSA. Les participants ont été invités à maintenir ou à changer l'attention entre deux flux vocaux simultanés dans trois conditions: emplacement (co-localisé contre ± 30 ° de séparation), voix (même voix contre contraste homme-femme) et les deux signaux ensemble. 

Les résultats ont montré que les personnes avec un dTSA peuvent diriger l'attention de manière sélective en utilisant l'emplacement ou les indices vocaux, mais la performance était meilleure lorsque les deux signaux étaient présents. En comparaison avec les adultes neurotypiques, la performance globale était moins précise dans toutes les conditions. 

Ces résultats justifient une enquête plus approfondie sur les différences de déploiement de l'attention auditive chez les personnes avec un TSA.

. 2021 May 19.  doi: 10.1007/s10803-021-05076-8. 

Auditory Attention Deployment in Young Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder

Katherine A Emmons  ¹ , Adrian Kc Lee  ^{2   3} , Annette Estes  ^{1   2} , Stephen Dager  ⁴ , Eric Larson  ³ , Daniel R McCloy  ³ , Tanya St John  ¹ , Bonnie K Lau  ^{5   6}

Affiliations

• PMID: 34013478
• DOI: 10.1007/s10803-021-05076-8

Abstract

Difficulty listening in noisy environments is a common complaint of individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). However, the mechanisms underlying such auditory processing challenges are unknown. This preliminary study investigated auditory attention deployment in adults with ASD. Participants were instructed to maintain or switch attention between two simultaneous speech streams in three conditions: location (co-located versus ± 30° separation), voice (same voice versus male-female contrast), and both cues together. Results showed that individuals with ASD can selectively direct attention using location or voice cues, but performance was best when both cues were present. In comparison to neurotypical adults, overall performance was less accurate across all conditions. These findings warrant further investigation into auditory attention deployment differences in individuals with ASD.

Keywords: Auditory attention; Auditory processing; Autism spectrum disorder; Selective attention; Speech perception.

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Caractéristiques cliniques et individuelles associées au stress maternel chez les jeunes adolescents avec un diagnostic de "trouble du spectre de l'autisme"

Aperçu: G.M.

Les parents de personnes avec un diagnostic de "trouble du spectre de l'autismeé vivent à la fois des événements stressants négatifs et positifs. Plusieurs caractéristiques cliniques et sociodémographiques des enfants autistes ont été associées au stress parental dans leur famille. Cependant, peu d'études se sont concentrées sur les adolescents et le rôle de la déficience cognitive a rarement été abordé.
L'objectif principal de la présente recherche est d'explorer les associations entre les symptômes de l'autisme, les troubles cognitifs, les problèmes émotionnels et comportementaux, les caractéristiques sociodémographiques et le stress maternel chez un échantillon de jeunes adolescents avec un diagnostic de "trouble du spectre de l'autisme" avec et sans troubles cognitifs.
La déficience cognitive et les problèmes émotionnels et comportementaux sont associés au stress maternel, tandis que les symptômes de l'autisme semblent jouer un rôle mineur.
L'éducation et la profession de la mère ne sont associées au stress maternel que dans le groupe ayant une déficience cognitive, tandis que l'âge maternel est associé au stress dans le groupe d'adolescentes sans déficience cognitive. 

Les implications liées à l'âge pour l'intervention et les orientations futures de la recherche sont discutées.

. 2021 May 20.  doi: 10.1002/aur.2539. 

Clinical and individual features associated with maternal stress in young adolescents with autism spectrum disorder

Francesco Scibelli  ¹ , Elisa Fucà  ¹ , Silvia Guerrera  ¹ , Elisabetta Lupi  ¹ , Paolo Alfieri  ¹ , Giovanni Valeri  ¹ , Stefano Vicari  ^{1   2}

Affiliations

• PMID: 34013607
• DOI: 10.1002/aur.2539

Abstract

Parents of people with autism spectrum disorder experience both negative stressful and positive events. Several clinical and socio-demographic features of children on the autism spectrum have been associated with parenting stress in their families. However, there have been few studies that focus on adolescents and the role of cognitive impairment has rarely been addressed. The main aim of the present research is to explore associations between autism symptoms, cognitive impairment, emotional and behavioral problems, socio-demographic features, and maternal stress in a sample of young adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder with and without cognitive impairment. Cognitive impairment and emotional and behavioral problems are associated with maternal stress, while autism symptoms seem to play a minor role. Maternal education and occupation are only associated with maternal stress in the group with cognitive impairment, while maternal age is stress-associated in the group of adolescents without cognitive impairment. Age-related implications for intervention and future research directions are discussed. LAY SUMMARY: Parents of individuals on the autism spectrum are exposed to both negative stressful and enriching experiences during their parenthood. While the influence of several child characteristics and socio-demographic features on parental stress during childhood has been widely explored in past studies, studies on teenagers are limited. The aim of the present research is to explore the influence of several characteristics on maternal stress levels in families with teenagers on the autism spectrum. We found that cognitive impairment and emotional and behavioral problems are associated with maternal stress, while autism symptoms seem to play a minor role. Socio-demographic features are not associated with maternal stress. Broadly speaking, the subjective perception of parental distress in both groups is less related to teenagers' characteristics then the perception of having a difficult interaction with the teenagers. We divided our participants into two groups (one group with cognitive impairment and the other group without). We found that mothers of teenagers with cognitive impairment are generally more stressed compared to the other group. Furthermore, we confirm that emotional and behavioral problems seem to play a major role in maternal stress (especially in the group without cognitive impairment), while autism symptoms seem to play a minor role. Furthermore, we found that maternal education/occupation and maternal age are associated with maternal stress in the group with and the group without cognitive impairment respectively. This research highlights the association between several variables and stress in mothers of adolescents on the spectrum. Results are discussed in the framework of previous findings highlighting the lack of adequate care and support services for families, especially for those of adolescents on the spectrum with cognitive impairment.

Keywords: adolescence; autism symptoms; cognitive; emotional and behavioral problems; maternal stress; parent mediated therapy; socio-demographic features.

© 2021 International Society for Autism Research and Wiley Periodicals LLC.

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L'adaptation parentale comme tampon entre les facteurs de l'enfant et la parentalité liée aux émotions dans les familles d'enfants avec un diagnostic de "trouble du spectre de l'autisme"

Aperçu: G.M.

Les parents d'enfants avec un diagnostic de trouble du spectre de l'autisme (dTSA) éprouvent des niveaux élevés de stress liés aux symptômes de leurs enfants et aux problèmes de comportement comorbides.
Il est proposé que la résistance parentale adaptative en réponse aux facteurs de stress liés à l'enfant joue un rôle de tampon, et pourtant, peu de recherches ont examiné si l'adaptation modère réellement les associations entre les facteurs de l'enfant et les résultats des parents dans cette population. Les quelques études pour le faire se sont concentrées sur le bien-être des parents comme résultat principal et n'ont pas considéré dans quelle mesure les facteurs de stress liés à l'enfant peuvent affecter la parentalité et contribuer à des processus transactionnels parent-enfant inadaptés au fil du temps. 

La présente étude a testé si la résistance parentale adaptative était associée à des associations réduites entre des niveaux plus élevés de symptômes de TSA chez l'enfant et des problèmes d'extériorisation comorbides et des réactions de moins bonne qualité des parents aux émotions négatives de l'enfant dans 63 familles d'enfants avec un dTSA. Les parents ont rendu compte des problèmes d'extériorisation de leurs enfants, de leur propre comportement d'adaptation et de leurs réactions aux émotions négatives de leurs enfants, et les symptômes de TSA chez les enfants ont été mesurés par des tests directs.

La résistance adaptative - principalement la planification active - a modéré l'association entre les problèmes de comportement des enfants et les réactions  de soutien des parents, de sorte que les parents d'enfants ayant plus de problèmes d'extériorisation ont signalé moins de réactions de soutien, mais uniquement lorsque l'adaptation adaptative était faible.
Les symptômes de TSA chez l'enfant n'étaient pas significativement liés aux réactions des parents, et al résistance n'a pas modéré ces associations. 

Cette étude transversale est la première à identifier la résistance parentale comme un facteur de protection potentiel pour le comportement parental dans les familles d'enfants avec un dTSA et des problèmes de comportement comorbides.
Les implications pour les futures recherches longitudinales sont discutées.

. 2021 May 20.  doi: 10.1037/fam000

Parental coping as a buffer between child factors and emotion-related parenting in families of children with autism spectrum disorder

Jasmin Alostaz  ¹ , Jason K Baker  ² , Rachel M Fenning  ² , Cameron L Neece  ¹ , Sasha Zeedyk  ²

Affiliations

• PMID: 34014721
• DOI: 10.1037/fam0000757

Abstract

Parents of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) experience high levels of stress related to their children's symptoms and comorbid behavior problems. Adaptive parental coping in response to child-related stressors is proposed to serve a buffering function, and yet, little research has examined whether coping actually moderates associations between child factors and parent outcomes in this population. The few studies to do so have focused on parent well-being as the primary outcome and have not considered the degree to which child-related stressors may affect parenting and contribute to maladaptive transactional parent-child processes over time. The present study tested whether adaptive parental coping was associated with reduced associations between higher levels of child ASD symptoms and comorbid externalizing problems and poorer quality parent reactions to child negative emotions in 63 families of children with ASD. Parents reported on their children's externalizing problems, their own coping behavior, and their reactions to their children's negative emotions, and child ASD symptoms were measured through direct testing. Adaptive coping-primarily active planning-moderated the association between children's behavior problems and supportive parent reactions such that parents of children with more externalizing problems reported less supportive reactions, but only when adaptive coping was low. Child ASD symptoms did not significantly relate to parent reactions, and coping did not moderate these associations. This cross-sectional study is the first to identify parental coping as a potential protective factor for parenting behavior in families of children with ASD and comorbid behavior problems. Implications for future longitudinal research are discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

TRAS: Validité et sensibilité d'un outil d'évaluation du langage pour les enfants avec un diagnostic de TSA

Aperçu: G.M.

Les interventions pour les enfants autistes d'âge préscolaire exigent généralement que les professionnels et les parents identifient les compétences sociales et linguistiques dans lesquelles chaque enfant présente des déficits. Il existe de nombreux outils d'évaluation visant à identifier ces déficits, mais ils nécessitent souvent une formation approfondie. 

La présente étude a examiné l'utilité potentielle pour les dits objectifs d'évaluation de l'outil d'évaluation norvégien, TRAS - «Tidig Registrering Av Språkutveckling» (c'est-à-dire acronyme nordique pour l'évaluation du développement précoce du langage), qui peut être utilisé par les enseignants du préscolaire sans formation spécifique.
Les participants étaient 54 enfants avec un diagnostic de TSA, âgés de 2 à 5 ans, inscrits à un programme d'intervention comportementale. Les participants ont été notés en utilisant TRAS à trois moments pendant le traitement pour étudier la sensibilité de TRAS pour détecter le changement. Seuls les participants qui avaient des scores TRAS enregistrés aux trois moments ont été utilisés pour cette analyse (n = 27). À l'admission, les enfants ont également été notés à l'aide des échelles de comportement adaptatif de Vineland, dont les résultats ont ensuite été comparés aux scores TRAS. 

Les résultats ont montré que les scores TRAS augmentaient de manière significative selon les périodes indiquant que l'outil est sensible aux effets du traitement.
Les scores TRAS étaient également en corrélation significative avec la sous-échelle de communication de Vineland (n = 50), indiquant que la mesure peut être utilisée pour mesurer les capacités linguistiques chez les enfants avec un diagnostic de TSA. 

Nous concluons que TRAS est une alternative potentielle aux outils d'évaluation du langage plus complets pour les enfants avec un diagnostic de TSA.

. 2021 May 11. doi: 10.1111/sjop.12736. 

TRAS: Validity and sensitivity of a language assessment tool for children with ASD

Johan Hansén-Larson  ¹ , Hampus Bejnö  ² , Elin Jägerskogh  ² , Svein Eikeseth  ³ , Lars Klintwall  ¹

Affiliations

• PMID: 33977525
• DOI: 10.1111/sjop.12736

Abstract

Interventions for preschool children with autism typically require professionals and parents to identify which social and language skills the individual child shows deficits in. Many assessment tools aimed at identifying such deficits exist, but they often require extensive training to use. The present study investigated the potential usefulness for said assessment purposes of the Norwegian assessment tool, TRAS - "Tidig Registrering Av Språkutveckling" (i.e. Nordic acronym for assessment of early language development), which can be used by preschool teachers without any specific training. Participants were 54 children with ASD, aged 2-5 years, enrolled in a behavioral intervention program. Participants were scored using TRAS at three time points during treatment to investigate TRAS' sensitivity for detecting change. Only participants who had TRAS scores registered at all three time points were used for this analysis (n = 27). At intake, children were also scored using the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales, the results of which was then compared to TRAS scores. Results showed that TRAS scores increased significantly across time points, indicating that the tool is sensitive to treatment effects. TRAS scores also correlated significantly with Vineland communication subscale (n = 50), indicating that the measure can be used to measure language abilities in children with ASD. We conclude that TRAS is a potential alternative to more comprehensive language assessment tools for children with ASD.

Keywords: Language development; TRAS; Vineland; assessment tool; autism spectrum disorder.

Diagnostic d'autisme assisté par ordinateur basé sur des modèles d'attention visuelle utilisant le suivi oculaire

Aperçu: G.M. 

Un avantage de l'utilisation du suivi oculaire pour le diagnostic est qu'il est non invasif et peut être effectué chez des individus avec différents niveaux fonctionnels et âges. Le diagnostic assisté par ordinateur utilisant des données de suivi oculaire est généralement basé sur des points de fixation oculaire dans certaines régions d'intérêt (ROI) d'une image. Cependant, outre la nécessité de chaque démarcation de ceraines régions d'intérêt  dans chaque image ou trame vidéo utilisée dans l'expérience, la diversité des caractéristiques visuelles contenues dans chaque région d'intérêt  peut compromettre la caractérisation de l'attention visuelle dans chaque groupe (cas ou contrôle) et la précision du diagnostic qui en résulte. Bien que certaines approches utilisent des signaux de suivi oculaire pour faciliter le diagnostic, il est toujours difficile d'identifier les cadres d'intérêt lorsque les vidéos sont utilisées comme stimuli et de sélectionner les caractéristiques pertinentes extraites des vidéos. Ceci est principalement observé dans les applications pour le diagnostic des "troubles du spectre de l'autisme" (TSA). 

Pour résoudre ces problèmes, le présent article propose:
(1) une méthode de calcul, intégrant les concepts des techniques de modèle d'attention visuelle, de traitement d'image et d'intelligence artificielle pour apprendre un modèle pour chaque groupe (cas et contrôle) à l'aide de données de suivi oculaire, et
(2 ) un classificateur supervisé qui, à l'aide des modèles appris, effectue le diagnostic. 

Bien que cette approche ne soit pas spécifique au trouble, elle a été testée dans le cadre du diagnostic de TSA, obtenant une moyenne de précision, de rappel et de spécificité de 90%, 69% et 93%, respectivement.

. 2021 May 12;11(1):10131. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-89023-8.

Computer-aided autism diagnosis based on visual attention models using eye tracking

Jessica S Oliveira  ¹ , Felipe O Franco  ^{2   3} , Mirian C Revers  ² , Andréia F Silva  ² , Joana Portolese  ² , Helena Brentani  ^{2   3} , Ariane Machado-Lima  ^{1   3} , Fátima L S Nunes  ⁴

Affiliations

• PMID: 33980874
• DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-89023-8

Free article

Abstract

An advantage of using eye tracking for diagnosis is that it is non-invasive and can be performed in individuals with different functional levels and ages. Computer/aided diagnosis using eye tracking data is commonly based on eye fixation points in some regions of interest (ROI) in an image. However, besides the need for every ROI demarcation in each image or video frame used in the experiment, the diversity of visual features contained in each ROI may compromise the characterization of visual attention in each group (case or control) and consequent diagnosis accuracy. Although some approaches use eye tracking signals for aiding diagnosis, it is still a challenge to identify frames of interest when videos are used as stimuli and to select relevant characteristics extracted from the videos. This is mainly observed in applications for autism spectrum disorder (ASD) diagnosis. To address these issues, the present paper proposes: (1) a computational method, integrating concepts of Visual Attention Model, Image Processing and Artificial Intelligence techniques for learning a model for each group (case and control) using eye tracking data, and (2) a supervised classifier that, using the learned models, performs the diagnosis. Although this approach is not disorder-specific, it was tested in the context of ASD diagnosis, obtaining an average of precision, recall and specificity of 90%, 69% and 93%, respectively.

Implication du facteur 2c amplificateur des myocytes dans la pathogenèse du "trouble du spectre de l'autisme"

Aperçu: G.M.

Myocyte enhancer factor 2 (MEF2), une famille de facteurs de transcription de la famille MADS (minichromosome maintenance 1, agamous, deficiens and serum response factor) -box nécessaire à la croissance et à la différenciation d'une variété de cellules humaines, telles que neurales, immunitaires, endothélial et muscles.
Selon la littérature existante, les facteurs de transcription MEF2 ont également été associés à la plasticité synaptique, aux mécanismes de développement régissant la mémoire et l'apprentissage, et à plusieurs conditions neurologiques, comme les "troubles du spectre de l'autisme" (TSA).
Des découvertes génomiques récentes ont établi un lien entre les défauts MEF2, en particulier dans l'isoforme MEF2C et le TSA. 

Dans cette revue, nous avons résumé un aperçu concis de la régulation générale, la structure et les rôles fonctionnels du facteur de transcription MEF2C.
Nous avons en outre souligné le rôle potentiel du MEF2C en tant que facteur de risque pour divers troubles neurodéveloppementaux, tels que le TSA, le syndrome de haploinsuffisance MEF2C et le syndrome du X fragile.

. 2021 Apr 20;7(4):e06854.  doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06854. eCollection 2021 Apr.

Involvement of myocyte enhancer factor 2c in the pathogenesis of autism spectrum disorder

Rishabh Chaudhary  ¹ , Vipul Agarwal  ¹ , Arjun Singh Kaushik  ¹ , Mujeeba Rehman  ¹

Affiliations

• PMID: 33981903
• PMCID: PMC8082549
• DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06854

Free PMC article

Abstract

Myocyte enhancer factor 2 (MEF2), a family of transcription factor of MADS (minichromosome maintenance 1, agamous, deficiens and serum response factor)-box family needed in the growth and differentiation of a variety of human cells, such as neural, immune, endothelial, and muscles. As per existing literature, MEF2 transcription factors have also been associated with synaptic plasticity, the developmental mechanisms governing memory and learning, and several neurologic conditions, like autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). Recent genomic findings have ascertained a link between MEF2 defects, particularly in the MEF2C isoform and the ASD. In this review, we summarized a concise overview of the general regulation, structure and functional roles of the MEF2C transcription factor. We further outlined the potential role of MEF2C as a risk factor for various neurodevelopmental disorders, such as ASD, MEF2C Haploinsufficiency Syndrome and Fragile X syndrome.

Keywords: Autism; Fragile X syndrome; Haploinsufficiency syndrome; MEF2C; Myocyte enhancer factor 2.