Aperçu: G.M.
On sait peu de choses sur les pressions émotionnelles et la gestion pratique des défis quotidiens et des exigences intra et interpersonnelles d'élever un enfant en tant que parent avec un diagnostic de "trouble du spectre de l'autisme".
La présente étude a utilisé une approche qualitative pour comprendre les perceptions des femmes diagnostiquées autistes d' « être un parent ».
Huit entretiens semi-structurés ont été analysés à l'aide de l'analyse phénoménologique interprétative.
Les avantages et les défis d'être parent ont été mis en évidence aux côtés des compétences et des caractéristiques spécifiques à la population associées à la force et à la résilience, à l'amour, à l'éducation, à la routine et aux considérations sensorielles.
Les résultats identifient le besoin d'un soutien parental spécialisé spécifique à la population, fournissent une orientation aux professionnels en milieu clinique et élargissent la rareté de la recherche dans ce domaine.
Motherhood: Female Perspectives and Experiences of Being a Parent with ASC
- PMID: 34106393
- DOI: 10.1007/s10803-021-05122-5
Abstract
Little is known about the emotional pressures and practical management of daily challenges and, intra and interpersonal demands of raising a child as a parent with a diagnosis of Autistic Spectrum Conditions. The present study utilised a qualitative approach to understand perceptions of females diagnosed on the autistic spectrum of 'being a parent'. Eight semi-structured interviews were analysed using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis. Benefits and challenges of being a parent were highlighted alongside population-specific skill and characteristics associated with strength and resilience, love, nurture, routine and sensory considerations. Findings identify the need for population-specific specialist parenting support, provide direction for professionals in clinical settings and expand the paucity of research in this area.
Keywords: Autistic spectrum conditions; Interpretative phenomenological analysis; Parenting.
References
-
- Alase, A.O. (2016). The impact of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX) on small-sized publicly traded companies and their communities. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Northeastern University.
-
- Alase, A. (2017). The interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA): A guide to a good qualitative research approach. International Journal of Education & Literacy Studies, 5(2), 9–19. https://doi.org/10.7575/aiac.ijels.v.5n.2p.9 - DOI
-
- American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). American Psychiatric Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596
-
- Asmussen, K. (2011). The evidence-based parenting Practitioner’s handbook. Routledge.
-
- Aston, M. C. (2002). The other half of Asperger syndrome (2nd ed.). The National Autistic Society.
-
- Attwood, T. (2008). The complete guide to Asperger’s syndrome (1st ed.). Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
-
- Attwood, T., & Grandin, T. (2006). Asperger’s and girls. Future Horizons.
-
- Bartsch, D. R., Roberts, R. M., Davies, M., & Proeve, M. (2016). Understanding the experience of parents with a diagnosis of borderline personality disorder. Australian Psychologist, 51(6), 472–480. https://doi.org/10.1111/ap.12174 - DOI
-
- Baxter, L., Hughes, C., & Tight, M. (2010). How to research (fourth). McGraw-Hill/Open University Press.
-
- Biggerstaff, D., & Thompson, A. R. (2008). Interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA): A qualitative methodology of choice in healthcare research. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 5(3), 173–183. https://doi.org/10.1080/14780880802314304 - DOI
-
- Bishop, E. C., & Shepherd, M. L. (2011). Ethical reflections: Examining reflexivity through the narrative paradigm. Qualitative Health Research, 21(9), 1283–1294. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732311405800 - DOI - PubMed
-
- Boshoff, K., Gibbs, D., Phillips, R. L., Wiles, L., & Porter, L. (2016). Parents’ voices: “Why and how we advocate”. A meta-synthesis of parents’ experiences of advocating for their child with autism spectrum disorder. Child: Care, Health & Development, 42(6), 784–797. https://doi.org/10.1111/cch.12383 - DOI
-
- Boshoff, K., Gibbs, D., Phillips, R. L., Wiles, L., & Porter, L. (2018). Parents’ voices: “Our process of advocating for our child with autism”. A meta-synthesis of parents’ perspectives. Child: Care, Health & Development, 44(1), 147–160. https://doi.org/10.1111/cch.12504 - DOI
-
- Connolly, M., & Ward, T. (2008). Morals, rights and practice in the human services: Effective and Fair decision making in health, social care and criminal justice. Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
-
- Couvrette, A., Brochu, S., & Plourde, C. (2016). The “Deviant good mother.” Journal of Drug Issues, 46(4), 292–307. - DOI
-
- Crane, L., Lui, L. M., Davies, J., & Pellicano, E. (2021). Short report: Autistic parents’ views and experiences of talking about autism with their autistic children. Autism: The International Journal of Research and Practice. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361320981317 - DOI
-
- Curry, L. A., Nembhard, I. M., & Bradley, E. H. (2009). Qualitative and mixed methods provide unique contributions to outcomes research. Circulation, 119(10), 1442–1452. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.742775 - DOI - PubMed
-
- Davies, F., & Harman, B. (2017). A qualitative exploration of mothers who reject playgroup. Australian Social Work, 70(3), 276–288. https://doi.org/10.1080/0312407X.2016.1200642 - DOI
-
- Dawson-Squibb, J., Davids, E. L., & de Vries, P. J. (2018). Scoping the evidence for EarlyBird and EarlyBird plus, two United Kingdom-developed parent education training programmes for autism spectrum disorder. Autism, 23, 542–555. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361318760295 - DOI - PubMed
-
- DePape, A. M., & Lindsay, S. (2015). Parents’ experiences of caring for a child with autism spectrum disorder. Qualitative Health Research, 25(4), 569–583. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732314552455 - DOI - PubMed
-
- Department of Health. (2015). Statutory guidance for the Local Authorities and NHS organisations to support implementation of the Adult Autism Strategy. Retrieved from https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploa...
-
- Di Lorito, C., Bosco, A., Birt, L., & Hassiotis, A. (2018). Co-research with adults with intellectual disability: A systematic review. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disability, 31, 669–686. https://doi.org/10.1111/jar.12435 - DOI
-
- Dissanayake, C., Richdale, A., Kolivas, N., & Pamment, L. (2020). An exploratory study of autism traits and parenting. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 50(7), 2593–2606. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-019-03984-4 - DOI - PubMed
-
- Doss, B. D., Rhoades, G. K., Stanley, S. M., & Markman, H. J. (2009). The effect of the transition to parenthood on relationship quality: An 8-year prospective study. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 96(3), 601. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0013969 - DOI - PubMed - PMC
-
- NHS England. (2015). Transforming care agenda; homes not hospitals. Retrieved from https://www.england.nhs.uk/learning-disabilities/care/
-
- NHS England. (2016a). Stop over medication of people with a learning disability autism or both (STOMP). Retrieved from https://www.england.nhs.uk/learning-disabilities/improving-health/stomp/
-
- NHS England. (2016b). The five year forward view for mental health. Retrieved from https://www.england.nhs.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/Mental-Health-Task...
-
- Engward, H., & Davis, G. (2015). Being reflexive in a qualitative grounded theory: Discussion and application of a model of reflexivity. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 71(7), 1530–1538. https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.12653 - DOI - PubMed
-
- Evans, G. W., Brooks-Gunn, J., & Klebanov, P. K. (2011). Stressing out the poor: Chronic physiological stress and the income-achievement gap. Community Investments, 23(2), 22–27.
-
- Fatemeh, O., Reza, Z., & Soodabeh, J. (2011). Outcomes of parental mental illness on children: A qualitative study. Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services, 49(9), 32–40. https://doi.org/10.3928/02793695-20110802-06 - DOI
-
- Fillo, J., Simpson, J. A., Rholes, W. S., & Kohn, J. L. (2015). Dads doing diapers: Individual and relational outcomes associated with the division of childcare across the transition to parenthood. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 108(2), 298–316. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0038572 - DOI - PubMed - PMC
-
- Freeman, M. (2008). Hermeneutics. The SAGE encyclopedia of qualitative research methods. Sage Publications. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781412963909.n194
-
- George, N., Shanbhag, D. N., George, M., Shaju, A. C., Johnson, R. C., Mathew, P. T., & Goud, R. (2017). A study of emotional intelligence and perceived parenting styles among adolescents in a rural area in Karnataka. Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care, 6(4), 848–852. https://doi.org/10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_100_17 - DOI - PubMed - PMC
-
- Gernsbacher, M., & Pripas-Kapit, S. (2012). Who’s missing the point? A commentary on claims that autistic persons have a specific deficit in figurative language comprehension. Metaphor & Symbol, 27(1), 93–105. https://doi.org/10.1080/10926488.2012.656255 - DOI
-
- Golan, O., Sinai-Gavrilov, Y., & Baron-Cohen, S. (2015). The Cambridge Mindreading Face-Voice Battery for Children (CAM-C): Complex emotion recognition in children with and without autism spectrum conditions. Molecular Autism, 6, 22. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13229-015-0018-z - DOI - PubMed - PMC
-
- Grant, K., McMahon, C., & Austin, M. (2008). Maternal anxiety during the transition to parenthood: A prospective study. Journal of Affective Disorder, 108(1), 101–111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2007.10.002 - DOI
-
- Grant, L. (2015). From here to maternity: Pregnancy and motherhood on the autism spectrum. Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
-
- Heffernan, D. (2016). Sensory issues for adults with autism spectrum disorder. Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
-
- Hendrickx, S. (2015). Chapter 12 pregnancy and parenting. In J. Gould (Ed.), Women and girls with autism spectrum condition: Understanding life experiences from early childhood to old age. Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
-
- Hudson, A., & Jacques, S. (2014). Put on a happy face! Inhibitory control and socioemotional knowledge predict emotion regulation in 5- to 7-year-olds. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 123, 36–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2014.01.012 - DOI - PubMed
-
- Hull, L., Petrides, K., Allison, C., Smith, P., Baron-Cohen, S., Lai, M.-C., & Mandy, W. (2017). “Putting on My Best Normal”: Social camouflaging in adults with autism spectrum conditions. Journal of Autism & Developmental Disorders, 47(8), 2519–2534. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-017-3166-5 - DOI
-
- Ierardi, E., Ferro, V., Trovato, A., Tambelli, R., & Riva Crugnola, C. (2019). Maternal and paternal depression and anxiety: Their relationship with mother-infant interactions at 3 months. Archives of Women’s Mental Health, 22(4), 527–533. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00737-018-0919-x - DOI - PubMed
-
- Jabbar, B. M. (2014). Parenting self-efficacy and role participation among parents with spinal cord injury. Retrieved from https://search.proquest.com/docview/1499821701?accountid=48092
-
- Jachyra, P., Anagnostou, E., Knibbe, T. J., Petta, C., Cosgrove, S., Chen, L., … McPherson, A. C. (2018). Weighty conversations: Caregivers’, children’s, and clinicians’ perspectives and experiences of discussing weight-related topics in healthcare consultations. Autism Research: Official Journal Of The International Society For Autism Research, 11(11), 1500–1510. http://doi.org/ https://doi.org/10.1002/aur.2017
-
- Jurkevythz, R., Campbell, M., & Morgan, L. (2020). Spectrum women: Autism and parenting. Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
-
- Khajehei, M. (2016). Parenting challenges and parents’ intimate relationships. Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment, 26(5), 447–451. https://doi.org/10.1080/10911359.2015.1083509 - DOI
-
- King, N. (2004). Using interview in qualitative research: Essential guide to qualitative methods in organizational research (2nd ed.). Sage publications.
-
- Korja, R., Piha, J., Otava, R., Lavanchy Scaiola, C., Ahlqvist-Björkroth, S., Junttila, N., … Räihä, H. (2015). Parents’ psychological well-being and parental self-efficacy in relation to the family’s triadic interaction. Infant Mental Health Journal, 36(3), 298–307. https://doi.org/10.1002/imhj.21512
-
- Lai, M.-C., Lombardo, M. V., Ruigrok, A. N. V., Chakrabarti, B., Auyeung, B., Szatmari, P., Happé, F., & Baron-Cohen, S. (2017). Quantifying and exploring camouflaging in men and women with autism. Autism, 21(6), 690–702. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361316671012 - DOI - PubMed
-
- LaLiberte, T., Piescher, K., Mickelson, N., & Lee, M. H. (2017). Child protection services and parents with intellectual and developmental disabilities. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 30(3), 521–532. https://doi.org/10.1111/jar.12323 - DOI - PubMed
-
- Larkin, M., Watts, S., & Clifton, E. (2006). Giving voice and making sense in interpretative phenomenological analysis. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 102–120. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp062oa - DOI
-
- Larsson, M., Sundler, A. J., Ekebergh, M., & Björk, M. (2015). Altering the parenting role: Parents’ experience of supporting the health and well-being of their adolescent girls. Child & Youth Care Forum, 44(3), 419–432. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10566-014-9287-5 - DOI
-
- Layner, J. A., Waterman, J., & Peplau, L. A. (2014). Parent adjustment over time in gay, lesbian, and heterosexual parent families adopting from foster care. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 84(1), 46–53. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0098853 - DOI
-
- Levy, A., & Perry, A. (2011). Outcomes in adolescents and adults with autism: A review of the literature. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 5(4), 1271–1282. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rasd.2011.01.023 - DOI
-
- Loomes, R., Hull, L., & Mandy, W. P. L. (2017). What is the male-to-female ratio in autism spectrum disorder? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of American Academy Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 56(6), 466–474. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2017.03.013 - DOI
-
- MacBeth, A., Law, J., McGowan, I., Norrie, J., Thompson, L., & Wilson, P. (2015). Mellow Parenting: Systematic review and meta-analysis of an intervention to promote sensitive parenting. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 57(12), 1119–1128. https://doi.org/10.1111/dmcn.12864 - DOI - PubMed
-
- MacIntyre, G., & Stewart, A. (2012). For the record: The lived experience of parents with a learning disability: A pilot study examining the Scottish perspective. British Journal of Learning Disabilities, 40(1), 5–14. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-3156.2010.00669.x - DOI
-
- Markham, L. (2014). A father’s tale: Stories and experiences of fathers whose children have been diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder. Professional doctorate thesis, University of East London.
-
- Mauthner, N. S., & Doucet, A. (2003). Reflexive accounts and accounts of reflexivity in qualitative data analysis. Sociology, 37, 413–431. https://doi.org/10.1177/00380385030373002 - DOI
-
- McCabe, J. L., & Holmes, D. (2009). Reflexivity, critical qualitative research and emancipation: A foucauldian perspective. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 65(7), 1518–1526. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2009.04978.x - DOI - PubMed
-
- McGoldrick, M., Carter, B., & Garcia-Peto, N. (2011). The expanded family life cycle. Individual family and social perspectives (4th ed.). Allyn & Bacon.
-
- Medina, A. M., Lederhos, C. L., & Lillis, T. A. (2009). Sleep disruption and decline in marital satisfaction across the transition to parenthood. Families, Systems, & Health, 27(2), 153–160. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0015762 - DOI
-
- Mendes, E. A. (2015). Marriage and lasting relationships with Asperger’s syndrome (autism spectrum disorder). Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
-
- Mickelson, K. D., & Biehle, S. N. (2017). Gender and the transition to parenthood: Introduction to the special issue. Sex Roles, 76(5–6), 271–275. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-016-0724-9 - DOI
-
- Mihelic, M., Morawska, A., & Filus, A. (2018). Preparing parents for parenthood: Protocol for a randomized controlled trial of a preventative parenting intervention for expectant parents. BMC Pregnancy & Childbirth. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-018-1939-2 - DOI
-
- Miller, H. (2018). Prime-time parenting: The two-hour-a-day secret to raising great kids. DaCapoPress.
-
- Moreno, S., Wheeler, M. & Parkinson, K. (2012). Chapter 7 Parenting. In T. Attwood (Ed.), The partners guide to Asperger syndrome. Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
-
- Moroe, N. F., & de Andrade, V. (2018). Hearing children of deaf parents: Gender and birth order in the delegation of the interpreter role in culturally deaf families. African Journal of Disability, 7, 365. https://doi.org/10.4102/ajod.v7i0.365 - DOI - PubMed - PMC
-
- Morrison, K. E., DeBrabander, K. M., Jones, D. R., Faso, D. J., Ackerman, R. A., & Sasson, N. J. (2020). Outcomes of real-world social interaction for autistic adults paired with autistic compared to typically developing partners. Autism, 24(5), 1067–1080. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361319892701 - DOI - PubMed
-
- Mosek-Eilon, V., Hirschberger, G., Kanat-Maymon, Y., & Feldman, R. (2013). Infant reminders alter sympathetic reactivity and reduce couple hostility at the transition to parenthood. Developmental Psychology, 49(7), 1385–1395. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0030088 - DOI - PubMed
-
- Müller, E., Schuler, A., & Yates, G. B. (2008). Social challenges and supports from the perspective of individuals with Asperger syndrome and other autism spectrum disabilities. Autism: The International Journal of Research & Practice, 12(2), 173–190. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361307086664 - DOI
-
- Nanninga, M., Jansen, D. E. M. C., Knorth, E. J., & Reijneveld, S. A. (2015). Enrolement of children and adolescents in psychosocial care: More likely with low family social support and poor parenting skills. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 24(4), 407–416. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-014-0590-3 - DOI
-
- National Autistic Society. (2019). Sensory sensitivity. Retrieved from http://www.autism.org.uk/sensory
-
- Nilova, V., Ward, L., & Hall, P. (2017). Women’s experiences of parenting toddlers following postnatal depression. Australian Journal of Psychology, 69, 192–199. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajpy.12138 - DOI
-
- Olsen, R., & Clarke, H. (2003). Parenting and disability: Disabled parents experiences of raising children. Policy Press.
-
- Paul, C., & Holt, J. (2017). Involving the public in mental health and learning disability research: Can we, should we, do we? Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, 24(8), 570–579. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpm.12404 - DOI - PubMed
-
- Pethica, S., & Bigham, K. (2018). “Stop talking about my disability, I am a mother”: Adapting video interaction guidance to increase sensitive parenting in a young mother with intellectual disability. British Journal of Learning Disabilities, 46(2), 136–142. https://doi.org/10.1111/bld.12215 - DOI
-
- Pietkiewicz, I., & Smith, J. A. (2014). A practical guide to using interpretative phenomenological analysis in qualitative research psychology. Psychological Journal, 20(1), 7–14.
-
- RCPSYCH, (2019). Autism and Asperger’s: For parents, carers and anyone working with young people. Retrieved from https://www.rcpsych.ac.uk/mental-health/parents-and-young-people/informa...
-
- Riggs, D. W., Bartholomaeus, C., & Due, C. (2016). Public and private families: A comparative thematic analysis of the intersections of social norms and scrutiny. Health Sociology Review, 25(1), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1080/14461242.2015.1135071 - DOI
-
- Riley-Hall, E. (2012). Parenting girls on the autism spectrum: Overcoming the challenges and celebrating the gifts. Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
-
- Sanders, M. R., Kirby, J. N., Tellegen, C. L., & Day, J. J. (2014). The triple P-positive parenting program: A systematic review and meta-analysis of a multi-level system of parenting support. Clinical Psychology Review, 34(4), 337–357. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2014.04.003 - DOI - PubMed
-
- Sandstrom, H., & Huerta, S. (2013). The negative effects of instability on child development: A research synthesis (Low Income Working Families Discussion Paper 3). Urban Institute.
-
- Schneid, I., & Raz, A. E. (2020). The mask of autism: Social camouflaging and impression management as coping/normalization from the perspectives of autistic adults. Social Science & Medicine (1982), 248, 112826. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.112826 - DOI
-
- Schopler, E., & Mesibov, G. B. (2013). Diagnosis and assessment in autism. Springer.
-
- Sheldon, J. P., Oliver, M., & Yshar, B. M. (2019). Rewards and challenges of parenting a child with Down syndrome: A qualitative study of fathers’ perceptions. Journal of Disability and Rehabilitation. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638288.2020.1745907 - DOI
-
- Shonkoff, J. P., & Garner, A. S. (2011). The lifelong effects of early childhood adversity and toxic stress. American Academy of Paediatrics, 129, 232–246. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2011-2663 - DOI
-
- Shore, S., & Rastelli, L. G. (2011). Understanding autism for dummies. Wiley.
-
- Simone, R. (2012). Chapter 12 Her name isn't mommy no matter how much she loves her child. In T. Attwood (Ed.), 22 things a woman with Asperger's syndrome wants her partner to know. Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
-
- Stuttard, L., Beresford, B. A., Clarke, S. E., Beecham, J., & Morris, A. (2016). An evaluation of the cygnet parenting support programme for parents of children with autism spectrum disorders. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 23, 166–178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rasd.2015.12.004 - DOI
-
- Tabak, I., Zabocka-ytka, L., Ryan, P., Poma, S. Z., Joronen, K., Viganò, G., . . . Dawson, I. (2016). Needs, expectations and consequences for children growing up in a family where the parent has a mental illness. International Journal of Mental Health Nursing, 25(4), 319–329. https://doi.org/10.1111/inm.12194
-
- van Schalkwyk, G. I., & Dewinter, J. (2020). Qualitative research in the journal of autism and developmental disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 50(7), 2280–2282. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-020-04466-8 - DOI - PubMed
-
- Webster-Stratton, C. (2005). The incredible years: A trouble-shooting guide for parents of children aged 2–8 years. Umbrella Printer.
-
- Weigel, D. J. (2008). The concept of family: An analysis of laypeople’s views of family. Journal of Family Issues, 29(11), 1426–1447. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X08318488 - DOI
-
- Werner-Bierwisch, T., Pinkert, C., Niessen, K., Metzing, S., & Hellmers, C. (2018). Mothers’ and fathers’ sense of security in the context of pregnancy, childbirth and the postnatal period: An integrative literature review. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 18(1), 473. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-018-2096-3 - DOI - PubMed - PMC
-
- Willey, L., H. (1999). Chapter 6 Rocking my babies. In T. Attwood (Ed.), Pretending to be normal: Living with Asperger's syndrome. Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
-
- Wing, L., & Gould, J. (1979). Severe impairments of social interaction and associated abnormalities in children: Epidemiology and classification. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 9(1), 11–29. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01531288 - DOI - PubMed
Aucun commentaire:
Enregistrer un commentaire