Exposition de la mère aux pesticides et risque de "troubles du spectre de l'autisme" chez la progéniture: une méta-analyse

Aperçu: G.M.

Cette méta-analyse a été menée pour estimer l'association globale entre l'exposition maternelle aux pesticides et le risque de TSA chez la progéniture.
Des rechertches ont été menées sur PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science et PsycINFO jusqu'au 30 décembre 2020 pour inclure les études éligibles.
Huit études avec 50 426 participants, dont 5810 avaient un TSA, ont été impliquées dans l'étude.
Dans l'ensemble, le RC sommaire (intervalle de confiance à 95%) des TSA chez la progéniture pour l'exposition maternelle aux pesticides estimé par les mesures de proximité résidentielle et l'auto-évaluation était de 1,88 (1,10-3,20).
Cependant, l'exposition maternelle aux pesticides mesurée par des biomarqueurs n'était pas associée à un risque accru de TSA (OR combiné 1,13; IC à 95% 0,83-1,54).
D'autres études bien conçues sont nécessaires pour confirmer nos résultats.

• 2021 May 12. doi: 10.1007/s10803-021-05063-z. 

Maternal Exposure to Pesticides and Risk of Autism Spectrum Disorders in Offspring: A Meta-analysis

Li Wang  ¹ , Shiming Tang  ¹ , Songjie Wu  ² , Lihua Yao  ¹ , Dezhen Su  ¹ , Ying Wang  ³

Affiliations

• PMID: 33978908
• DOI: 10.1007/s10803-021-05063-z

Abstract

This meta-analysis was conducted to estimate the overall association between maternal exposure to pesticides and risk of ASD in offspring. PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, and the PsycINFO were searched until December 30, 2020 to include eligible studies. Eight studies with 50,426 participants, 5810 of whom had ASD, were involved in the study. Overall, the summary OR (95% confidence interval) of ASDs in offspring for maternal exposure to pesticide estimated by residential proximity measures and self-report was 1.88 (1.10-3.20). However, maternal exposure to pesticide measured by biomarkers was not associated with an increased risk of ASDs (pooled OR 1.13; 95% CI 0.83-1.54). Further well-designed studies are needed to confirm our findings.

Keywords: Autism; Meta-analysis; Pesticides; Risk factor.

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Comprendre les contributions de l'environnement à l'autisme: concepts causaux et état de la science

Aperçu: G.M.

La complexité du neurodéveloppement, la rapidité de la neurogenèse précoce et plus de 100 ans de recherche identifiant les influences environnementales sur le neurodéveloppement servent de toile de fond à la compréhension des facteurs qui influencent le risque et la gravité des "troubles du spectre de l'autisme".

Cette conférence, prononcée lors de la réunion annuelle de la Société internationale pour la recherche sur l'autisme en mai 2016, décrit les concepts de causalité, décrit la trajectoire de la recherche sur les facteurs non génétiques à partir des années 1960 et passe brièvement en revue l'état actuel de cette science.  

Les concepts causaux sont introduits, y compris les causes profondes; des pièges dans l'interprétation des tendances temporelles comme indices de facteurs étiologiques; des fenêtres de temps sensibles pour l'exposition; et les implications d'un modèle multi-factoriel de TSA. Un contexte historique présente les premières recherches sur les origines des TSA. La littérature épidémiologique des quinze dernières années est passée en revue brièvement mais de façon critique pour les rôles potentiels, par exemple, de la pollution atmosphérique, des pesticides, des plastiques, des vitamines prénatales, des facteurs de style de vie et de famille et des conditions obstétriques et métaboliques maternelles pendant la grossesse. Trois exemples tirés de l'étude de cas sur l'autisme et les risques liés à l'autisme sont étudiés pour illustrer les approches méthodologiques des principaux défis dans les études d'observation: captation de l'exposition environnementale; l'inférence causale lorsqu'un essai clinique contrôlé randomisé est soit contraire à l'éthique soit infaisable; et l'intégration des influences génétiques, épigénétiques et environnementales sur le développement.  

Les chercheurs concluent avec des réflexions sur les orientations futures, y compris l'exposition, les nouvelles technologies, le microbiome, l'interaction gène par l'environnement à l'ère des -omiques, et l'épigénétique comme interface de ces deux aspects.  

Comme l'environnement est malléable, cette recherche fait progresser l'objectif d'une vie productive et épanouissante pour tous les enfants, les adolescents et les adultes.

Autism Res. 2018 Mar 23. doi: 10.1002/aur.1938.

Understanding environmental contributions to autism: Causal concepts and the state of science

Hertz-Picciotto I¹, Schmidt RJ¹, Krakowiak P¹.

Author information

1

Department of Public Health Sciences, MIND Institute (Medical Investigations of Neurodevelopmental Disorders), University of California, Davis, Davis, California.

Abstract

The complexity of neurodevelopment, the rapidity of early neurogenesis, and over 100 years of research identifying environmental influences on neurodevelopment serve as backdrop to understanding factors that influence risk and severity of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). This Keynote Lecture, delivered at the May 2016 annual meeting of the International Society for Autism Research, describes concepts of causation, outlines the trajectory of research on nongenetic factors beginning in the 1960s, and briefly reviews the current state of this science. Causal concepts are introduced, including root causes; pitfalls in interpreting time trends as clues to etiologic factors; susceptible time windows for exposure; and implications of a multi-factorial model of ASD. An historical background presents early research into the origins of ASD. The epidemiologic literature from the last fifteen years is briefly but critically reviewed for potential roles of, for example, air pollution, pesticides, plastics, prenatal vitamins, lifestyle and family factors, and maternal obstetric and metabolic conditions during her pregnancy. Three examples from the case-control CHildhood Autism Risks from Genes and the Environment Study are probed to illustrate methodological approaches to central challenges in observational studies: capturing environmental exposure; causal inference when a randomized controlled clinical trial is either unethical or infeasible; and the integration of genetic, epigenetic, and environmental influences on development. We conclude with reflections on future directions, including exposomics, new technologies, the microbiome, gene-by-environment interaction in the era of -omics, and epigenetics as the interface of those two. As the environment is malleable, this research advances the goal of a productive and fulfilling life for all children, teen-agers and adults. Autism Res 2018. © 2018 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

LAY SUMMARY:

This Keynote Lecture, delivered at the 2016 meeting of the International Society for Autism Research, discusses evidence from human epidemiologic studies of prenatal factors contributing to autism, such as pesticides, maternal nutrition and her health. There is no single cause for autism. Examples highlight the features of a high-quality epidemiology study, and what comprises a compelling case for causation. Emergent research directions hold promise for identifying potential interventions to reduce disabilities, enhance giftedness, and improve lives of those with ASD.

© 2018 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

PMID:29573218

DOI: 10.1002/aur.1938

Proximité résidentielle prénatale de l'utilisation de pesticides agricoles et QI chez les enfants de 7 ans

Aperçu: G.M.

La proximité résidentielle de l'utilisation de pesticides agricoles a été associée à des anomalies du tube neural et à l'autisme, mais des résultats plus subtils comme la cognition n'ont pas été étudiés.

L'étude a évalué la relation entre la proximité résidentielle prénatale à l'utilisation agricole de pesticides potentiellement neurotoxiques et le développement neurologique chez les enfants de 7 ans. 

Les chercheurs ont mis en évidence une diminution de 2,2 points [intervalle de confiance de 95% (IC): dans le QI à pleine échelle et 2,9 points (IC 95%) dans la compréhension verbale pour chaque augmentation de l'écart type de l'utilisation pondérée par la toxicité des pesticides organophosphorés.

Ils ont donc identifié des relations potentielles entre la proximité résidentielle maternelle de  l'utilisation agricole de pesticides neurotoxiques et le développement neurologique atténué chez les enfants .

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Environ Health Perspect. 2017 May 25;125(5):057002. doi: 10.1289/EHP504.

Prenatal Residential Proximity to Agricultural Pesticide Use and IQ in 7-Year-Old Children

Gunier RB¹, Bradman A¹, Harley KG¹, Kogut K¹, Eskenazi B¹.

Author information

1

School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley , Berkeley, California, USA.

Abstract

BACKGROUND:

Residential proximity to agricultural pesticide use has been associated with neural tube defects and autism, but more subtle outcomes such as cognition have not been studied.

OBJECTIVES:

We evaluated the relationship between prenatal residential proximity to agricultural use of potentially neurotoxic pesticides and neurodevelopment in 7-year-old children.

METHODS:

Participants included mothers and children ([Formula: see text]) living in the agricultural Salinas Valley of California enrolled in the Center for the Health Assessment of Mothers and Children of Salinas (CHAMACOS) study. We estimated agricultural pesticide use within 1 km of maternal residences during pregnancy using a geographic information system, residential location, and California's comprehensive agricultural Pesticide Use Report data. We used regression models to evaluate prenatal residential proximity to agricultural use of five potentially neurotoxic pesticide groups (organophosphates, carbamates, pyrethroids, neonicotinoids, and manganese fungicides) and five individual organophosphates (acephate, chlorpyrifos, diazinon, malathion, and oxydemeton-methyl) and cognition in 7-year-old children. All models included prenatal urinary dialkyl phosphate metabolite concentrations.

RESULTS:

We observed a decrease of 2.2 points [95% confidence interval (CI): [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text]] in Full-Scale IQ and 2.9 points (95% CI: [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text]) in Verbal Comprehension for each standard deviation increase in toxicity-weighted use of organophosphate pesticides. In separate models, we observed similar decrements in Full-Scale IQ with each standard deviation increase of use for two organophosphates (acephate and oxydemeton-methyl) and three neurotoxic pesticide groups (pyrethroids, neonicotinoids, and manganese fungicides).

CONCLUSIONS:

This study identified potential relationships between maternal residential proximity to agricultural use of neurotoxic pesticides and poorer neurodevelopment in children. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP504.

BACKGROUND:

Residential proximity to agricultural pesticide use has been associated with neural tube defects and autism, but more subtle outcomes such as cognition have not been studied.

OBJECTIVES:

We evaluated the relationship between prenatal residential proximity to agricultural use of potentially neurotoxic pesticides and neurodevelopment in 7-year-old children.

METHODS:

Participants included mothers and children ([Formula: see text]) living in the agricultural Salinas Valley of California enrolled in the Center for the Health Assessment of Mothers and Children of Salinas (CHAMACOS) study. We estimated agricultural pesticide use within 1 km of maternal residences during pregnancy using a geographic information system, residential location, and California’s comprehensive agricultural Pesticide Use Report data. We used regression models to evaluate prenatal residential proximity to agricultural use of five potentially neurotoxic pesticide groups (organophosphates, carbamates, pyrethroids, neonicotinoids, and manganese fungicides) and five individual organophosphates (acephate, chlorpyrifos, diazinon, malathion, and oxydemeton-methyl) and cognition in 7-year-old children. All models included prenatal urinary dialkyl phosphate metabolite concentrations.

RESULTS:

We observed a decrease of 2.2 points [95% confidence interval (CI): [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text]] in Full-Scale IQ and 2.9 points (95% CI: [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text]) in Verbal Comprehension for each standard deviation increase in toxicity-weighted use of organophosphate pesticides. In separate models, we observed similar decrements in Full-Scale IQ with each standard deviation increase of use for two organophosphates (acephate and oxydemeton-methyl) and three neurotoxic pesticide groups (pyrethroids, neonicotinoids, and manganese fungicides).

CONCLUSIONS:

This study identified potential relationships between maternal residential proximity to agricultural use of neurotoxic pesticides and poorer neurodevelopment in children. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP504.

PMID: 28557711

DOI: 10.1289/EHP504

Concentration urinaire des métabolites des insecticides organophosphorés pendant la grossesse et comportement interpersonnel, communication, répétitif et stéréotypé des enfants à l'âge de 8 ans: l'étude à domicile

Aperçu: G.M.

L'exposition prénatale aux insecticides organophosphorés peut être associée à des troubles du spectre de l'autisme et à des comportements connexes. Cette association peut être modifiée par des polymorphismes nucléotidiques simples dans l'enzyme de la paraoxonase (PON1).

 Parmi 224 femmes enceintes, les chercheurs ont quantifié les concentrations de six métabolites non spécifiques du phosphate de dialkyle (DAP) des insecticides organophosphorés dans deux échantillons d'urine recueillis à ~ 16 et ~ 26 semaines de gestation.  

Lorsque les enfants avaient huit ans, les chercheurs leur ont fait passé l'échelle de réceptivité sociale (SRS), une mesure continue de diverses dimensions du comportement interpersonnel, de la communication et des comportements répétitifs / stéréotypés. Ils ont ensuite estimé l'association entre une augmentation de 10 fois de la somme de six concentrations de DAP (ΣDAP) et les scores de SRS. ILs ont enfin examiné si les génotypes enfants PON1192 et PON1-108 ont modifié cette association.

Après l'ajustement covariable, les concentrations de ΣDAP n'ont pas été associées aux scores SRS  

Environ Res. 2017 May 10;157:9-16. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2017.05.008.

Urinary organophosphate insecticide metabolite concentrations during pregnancy and children's interpersonal, communication, repetitive, and stereotypic behaviors at 8 years of age: The home study

Millenson ME¹, Braun JM², Calafat AM³, Barr DB⁴, Huang YT⁵, Chen A⁶, Lanphear BP⁷, Yolton K⁸.

Author information

1

Department of Epidemiology, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA.

2

Department of Epidemiology, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA. Electronic address: joseph_braun_1@brown.edu.

3

Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.

4

Department of Environmental Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.

5

Institute of Statistical Science, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.

6

Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA.

7

Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada.

8

Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.

Abstract

BACKGROUND:

Prenatal exposure to organophosphate insecticides may be associated with autism spectrum disorders and related behaviors. This association may be modified by single nucleotide polymorphisms in the paraoxonase (PON1) enzyme.

OBJECTIVE:

We examined the relationship of prenatal organophosphate insecticide biomarkers with reciprocal social, repetitive, and stereotypic behaviors in 8-year old children, and modification of this relationship by child PON1 polymorphisms.

METHODS:

Among 224 pregnant women, we quantified concentrations of six nonspecific dialkyl phosphate (DAP) metabolites of organophosphate insecticides in two urine samples collected at ~16 and ~26 weeks gestation. When children were eight years old, we administered the Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS), a continuous measure of various dimensions of interpersonal behavior, communication, and repetitive/stereotypic behaviors. We estimated the association between a 10-fold increase in the sum of six DAP concentrations (ΣDAP) and SRS scores. We examined whether child PON1₁₉₂ and PON1_-108 genotypes modified this association.

RESULTS:

After covariate adjustment, ΣDAP concentrations were not associated with SRS scores [β=-1.2; 95% confidence interval (CI): -4.0, 1.6]. Among children with the PON1_-108TT genotype, ΣDAP concentrations were associated with 2.5-point higher (95% CI: -4.9, 9.8) SRS scores; however, the association was not different from the 1.8-point decrease (95% CI: -5.8, 2.2) among children with PON1_-108CT/CC genotypes (ΣDAP × PON1_-108 p-value =0.54). The association between ΣDAP concentrations and SRS scores was not modified by PON1₁₉₂ (ΣDAP × PON1₁₉₂ p-value =0.89).

CONCLUSIONS:

In this cohort, prenatal urinary DAP concentrations were not associated with children's social behaviors; these associations were not modified by child PON1 genotype.

Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

PMID: 28501654

DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2017.05.008