Anhédonie et hyperhédonie dans l'autisme et les troubles neurodéveloppementaux associés

Aperçu: G.M.

Bien que le "trouble du spectre de l'autisme" (TSA) soit défini par une communication sociale altérée et des comportements et intérêts restreints et répétitifs, le TSA se caractérise également par des processus motivationnels altérés. La « théorie de la motivation sociale de l'autisme » décrit comment les perturbations de la motivation sociale dans les TSA dans la petite enfance peuvent entraver la volonté de s'engager dans des comportements sociaux réciproques et finalement interférer avec le développement de réseaux de neurones essentiels à la communication sociale (Chevallier et al., Trends Cogn Sci 16:231-239, 2012b). Il est important de noter que les études cliniques et la recherche préclinique utilisant des organismes modèles pour les TSA indiquent que les troubles de la motivation dans les TSA ne sont pas limités aux récompenses sociales, mais sont également évidents en réponse à une gamme de récompenses non sociales. De plus, des études translationnelles sur certains troubles neurodéveloppementaux génétiquement définis associés aux TSA indiquent que ces formes syndromiques de TSA sont également caractérisées par des déficits motivationnels et des troubles dopaminergiques mésolimbiques. 

Dans ce chapitre, nous résumons les recherches cliniques et précliniques pertinentes pour les troubles du traitement des récompenses dans les TSA et les troubles neurodéveloppementaux connexes. Nous proposons également une nosologie pour décrire les troubles du traitement des récompenses dans ces troubles qui utilise un modèle à trois axes.
Dans cette nosologie triaxiale, le premier axe définit la direction de la réponse de récompense (c'est-à-dire anhédonique, hyperhédonique); le deuxième axe définit la construction du processus de récompense (par exemple, aimer la récompense, vouloir la récompense); et le troisième axe définit le contexte de la réponse de récompense (par exemple, social, non social).
Une nosologie plus précise pour décrire les troubles du traitement des récompenses dans les TSA et les troubles neurodéveloppementaux connexes facilitera la traduction de la recherche préclinique en investigations cliniques qui contribueront finalement à accélérer le développement d'interventions ciblant les systèmes de motivation pour les TSA et les troubles neurodéveloppementaux connexes.

. 2022 Apr 10.

doi: 10.1007/7854_2022

Anhedonia and Hyperhedonia in Autism and Related Neurodevelopmental Disorders

Gabriel S Dichter  ^{1   2   3} , Jose Rodriguez-Romaguera  ^{4   5   6}

Affiliations

• PMID: 35397066
• DOI: 10.1007/7854_2022_312

Abstract

Although autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is defined by impaired social communication and restricted and repetitive behaviors and interests, ASD is also characterized by impaired motivational processes. The "social motivation theory of autism" describes how social motivation disruptions in ASD in early childhood may impede the drive to engage in reciprocal social behaviors and ultimately interfere with the development of neural networks critical for social communication (Chevallier et al., Trends Cogn Sci 16:231-239, 2012b). Importantly, clinical studies and preclinical research using model organisms for ASD indicate that motivational impairments in ASD are not constrained to social rewards but are evident in response to a range of nonsocial rewards as well. Additionally, translational studies on certain genetically defined neurodevelopmental disorders associated with ASD indicate that these syndromic forms of ASD are also characterized by motivational deficits and mesolimbic dopamine impairments. In this chapter we summarize clinical and preclinical research relevant to reward processing impairments in ASD and related neurodevelopmental disorders. We also propose a nosology to describe reward processing impairments in these disorders that uses a three-axes model. In this triaxial nosology, the first axis defines the direction of the reward response (i.e., anhedonic, hyperhedonic); the second axis defines the construct of the reward process (e.g., reward liking, reward wanting); and the third axis defines the context of the reward response (e.g., social, nonsocial). A more precise nosology for describing reward processing impairments in ASD and related neurodevelopmental disorders will aid in the translation of preclinical research to clinical investigations which will ultimately help to speed up the development of interventions that target motivational systems for ASD and related neurodevelopmental disorders.

Keywords: Autism; Dopamine; Preclinical; Reward; Social motivation.

© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.

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