Le profil de la mémoire épisodique dans les "troubles du spectre de l'autisme": une méta-analyse bayésienne

Aperçu: G.M.

Bien que les "troubles du spectre de l'autisme" (TSA) soient généralement caractérisés par une mémoire épisodique diminuée, la littérature dans ce domaine est mitigée.
Nous abordons ces résultats inconsistants en utilisant une méta-analyse bayésienne à plusieurs niveaux pour quantifier les différences de mémoire épisodiques entre les personnes avec un diagnostic de TSA et les témoins au développement typique (TD).
Nous avons utilisé la méta-régression pour évaluer les effets de la modalité de test (par exemple, liste de mots, rappel d'histoire), de l'intervalle de retard (immédiat vs retardé), des demandes de récupération (reconnaissance vs rappel) et de la modalité sensorielle (auditive vs visuelle) sur la mémoire épisodique dans les TSA.
Un total de 338 tailles d'effet provenant de 113 articles empiriques, dont 5 632 participants uniques (TSA = 2 777, DT = 2 855), ont été inclus. 

Les résultats montrent que les déficits de mémoire associés aux TSA étaient plus importants pour le rappel (g = -0,52, se = 0,04, 95% CrI [-0,60, -0,43]) par rapport à la reconnaissance (g = -0,25, se = 0,05, 95% CrI [-0,35, -0,14]) et différaient en fonction de la modalité de test.
Par exemple, les tailles d'effet étaient les plus petites pour les mots (g = -0,28, se = 0,05, 95% CrI [-0,38, -0,18]), les images (g = -0,38, se = 0,07, 95% CrI [-0,52, - 0,24]) et la reproduction de la figure (g = -0,49, se = 0,11, 95% CrI [-0,70, -0,27]).
Cependant, les tailles d'effet pour les phrases (g = -0,59, se = 0,20, 95% CrI [-1,00, -0,21]), les histoires (Hedges 'g = -0,54, se = 0,08, 95% CrI [-0,69, -0,38 ]) et les événements par étapes (g = -0,75, se = 0,10, 95% CrI [-0,95, -0,55]) étaient beaucoup plus importants. 

Ces résultats suggèrent que le TSA est associé à une réduction faible à moyenne des scores aux tests de mémoire épisodique par rapport aux témoins TD.

. 2021 May 5. doi: 10.1007/s11065-021-09493-5. 

The Episodic Memory Profile in Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Bayesian Meta-Analysis

Jason W Griffin  ¹ , Russell Bauer  ² , Brandon E Gavett  ³

Affiliations

• PMID: 33954915
• DOI: 10.1007/s11065-021-09493-5

Abstract

Although autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are commonly characterized by diminished episodic memory, the literature in this area is mixed. We address these inconsistent findings by employing multilevel Bayesian meta-analysis to quantify episodic memory differences between individuals with ASD and typically developing (TD) controls. We used meta-regression to evaluate the effects of test modality (e.g., word list, story recall), delay interval (immediate vs. delayed), retrieval demands (recognition vs. recall), and sensory modality (auditory vs. visual) on episodic memory in ASD. A total of 338 effect sizes from 113 empirical articles, including 5,632 unique participants (ASD = 2,777, TD = 2,855), were included. Results show that the memory deficits associated with ASD were larger for recall (g = -0.52, se = 0.04, 95% CrI [-0.60, -0.43]) compared to recognition (g = -0.25, se = 0.05, 95% CrI [-0.35, -0.14]) and differed based on the testing modality. For example, effect sizes were smallest for words (g = -0.28, se = 0.05, 95% CrI [-0.38, -0.18]), pictures (g = -0.38, se = 0.07, 95% CrI [-0.52, -0.24]), and figure reproduction (g = -0.49, se = 0.11, 95% CrI [-0.70, -0.27]). However, effect sizes for sentences (g = -0.59, se = 0.20, 95% CrI [-1.00, -0.21]), stories (Hedges' g = -0.54, se = 0.08, 95% CrI [-0.69, -0.38]) and staged events (g = -0.75, se = 0.10, 95% CrI [-0.95, -0.55]) were much larger. These findings suggest that ASD is associated with a small to medium reduction in scores on episodic memory tests relative to TD controls.

Keywords: ASD; Neuropsychological tests; Recall; Recognition; Systematic review.

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Association entre la puissance de l'électroencéphalographie spectrale et le risque et le diagnostic d'autisme au début du développement

Aperçu: G.M.

Le "trouble du spectre de l'autisme" (TSA) trouve son origine dans le développement atypique des réseaux cérébraux. Les nourrissons qui présentent un risque familial élevé de TSA et qui sont diagnostiqués plus tard avec un TSA présentent une activité atypique dans les mesures oscillatoires d'électroencéphalographie (EEG) multiples. Cependant, les études sur les nourrissons et les frères et sœurs sont souvent limitées par la petite taille des échantillons.
Nous avons utilisé l'International Infant EEG Data Integration Platform, un ensemble de données multi-sites avec 432 participants, dont 222 à haut risque de TSA, auprès desquels des mesures répétées d'EEG ont été collectées entre 3 et 36 mois.
Nous avons appliqué un modèle de courbe de croissance latente pour tester si le statut de risque familial prédit les trajectoires de développement de la puissance spectrale au cours des 3 premières années de la vie, et si ces trajectoires prédisent l'issue des TSA. 

Un changement de puissance spectrale EEG dans toutes les bandes de fréquences s'est produit au cours des 3 premières années de vie. Le risque familial, mais pas un diagnostic ultérieur de TSA, était associé à une puissance réduite à 3 mois et à un changement développemental plus marqué entre 3 et 36 mois dans presque toutes les bandes de puissance absolue.
Le résultat du TSA n'était pas associé à l'interception de puissance absolue ou à la pente. Aucune association n'a été trouvée entre le risque ou le résultat et le pouvoir relatif. 

Cette étude a appliqué une approche analytique non utilisée dans les études prospectives antérieures sur les biomarqueurs des TSA, qui a été modélisée pour refléter la relation temporelle entre la susceptibilité génétique, le développement du cerveau et le diagnostic des TSA.
Les trajectoires de puissance spectrale semblent être prédites par le risque familial; cependant, la puissance spectrale ne permet pas de prédire le résultat du diagnostic au-delà du statut de risque familial. Les divergences entre les résultats actuels et les études précédentes sont discutées. 

RÉSUMÉ: Les nourrissons dont un frère ou une sœur plus âgé reçoit un diagnostic de TSA courent un risque accru de développer eux-mêmes un TSA. Cet article a testé si la puissance spectrale EEG au cours de la première année de vie peut prédire si ces nourrissons ont développé ou non un TSA. 

• 2021 May 6.  doi: 10.1002/aur.2518. 

Association between spectral electroencephalography power and autism risk and diagnosis in early development

Scott Huberty  ¹ , Virginia Carter Leno  ² , Stefon J R van Noordt  ¹ , Rachael Bedford  ^{2   3} , Andrew Pickles  ² , James A Desjardins  ⁴ , Sara Jane Webb  ⁵ , BASIS Team; Mayada Elsabbagh  ¹

Affiliations

• PMID: 33955195
• DOI: 10.1002/aur.2518

Abstract

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) has its origins in the atypical development of brain networks. Infants who are at high familial risk for, and later diagnosed with ASD, show atypical activity in multiple electroencephalography (EEG) oscillatory measures. However, infant-sibling studies are often constrained by small sample sizes. We used the International Infant EEG Data Integration Platform, a multi-site dataset with 432 participants, including 222 at high-risk for ASD, from whom repeated measurements of EEG were collected between the ages of 3-36 months. We applied a latent growth curve model to test whether familial risk status predicts developmental trajectories of spectral power across the first 3 years of life, and whether these trajectories predict ASD outcome. Change in spectral EEG power in all frequency bands occurred during the first 3 years of life. Familial risk, but not a later diagnosis of ASD, was associated with reduced power at 3 months, and a steeper developmental change between 3 and 36 months in nearly all absolute power bands. ASD outcome was not associated with absolute power intercept or slope. No associations were found between risk or outcome and relative power. This study applied an analytic approach not used in previous prospective biomarker studies of ASD, which was modeled to reflect the temporal relationship between genetic susceptibility, brain development, and ASD diagnosis. Trajectories of spectral power appear to be predicted by familial risk; however, spectral power does not predict diagnostic outcome above and beyond familial risk status. Discrepancies between current results and previous studies are discussed. LAY SUMMARY: Infants with an older sibling who is diagnosed with ASD are at increased risk of developing ASD themselves. This article tested whether EEG spectral power in the first year of life can predict whether these infants did or did not develop ASD.

Keywords: EEG; autism spectrum disorders; infants; siblings.

© 2021 The Authors. Autism Research published by International Society for Autism Research and Wiley Periodicals LLC.

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Relations entre le revenu du ménage et le comportement indépendant fonctionnel des enfants autistes

 Aperçu: G.M.

Les enfants des ménages à faible revenu sont moins susceptibles de recevoir un diagnostic de "trouble du spectre de l'autisme" (TSA) et le diagnostic est souvent retardé. L'absence ou le retard d'identification des TSA minimise la capacité d'un enfant à recevoir des services d'intervention précoce efficaces qui soutiennent le développement des compétences d'autonomie fonctionnelle.
La recherche n'a pas encore identifié les relations entre l'indépendance fonctionnelle et le revenu du ménage pour les enfants autistes.
Une enquête nationale transversale auprès de 231 soignants d'enfants autistes âgés de 2 à 12 ans a été menée. Les soignants ont répondu à un sondage de 90 minutes portant sur la démographie de la famille, les services d'intervention, la gravité des symptômes de l'autisme et les résultats comportementaux fonctionnels des enfants.
Des différences significatives dans les scores de comportement d'indépendance fonctionnelle ont été identifiées pour les enfants des catégories de revenu le plus élevé et le plus bas lors du contrôle de la gravité des symptômes de l'autisme, de l'âge du diagnostic et de la réception des services d'intervention. Cette étude fournit des preuves préliminaires à l'appui de l'association entre le revenu et le comportement fonctionnel indépendant des enfants autistes.

2021 May 6;15394492211012654.  doi: 10.1177/15394492211012654. 

Relationships Between Household Income and Functional Independent Behavior for Children With Autism

Brittany St John  ¹ , Karla Ausderau  ¹

Affiliations

• PMID: 33955293
• DOI: 10.1177/15394492211012654

Abstract

Children in lower income households are less likely to be diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and diagnosis is often delayed. Lack of or delayed identification of ASD minimizes a child's ability to receive effective early intervention services that support development of functional independence skills. Research has yet to identify relationships between functional independence and household income for children with ASD. A cross-sectional national survey with 231 caregivers of children with autism aged 2-12 years was conducted. Caregivers completed a 90-min survey examining family demographics, intervention services, autism symptom severity, and children's functional behavioral outcomes. Significant differences in functional independence behavior scores were identified for children from the highest and lowest income categories when controlling for autism symptom severity, age of diagnosis, and receipt of intervention services. This study provides preliminary evidence to support the association between income and functional independent behavior for children with ASD.

Keywords: activities of daily living; autism; children; functional outcomes.