Évaluation par les parents des effets généralisés et indirects de la formation en communication fonctionnelle pour les enfants avec un diagnostic de "trouble du spectre de l'autisme"

Aperçu: G.M.

L'entraînement à la communication fonctionnelle (ECT) est un traitement comportemental qui réduit les problèmes de comportement et augmente la communication appropriée chez les jeunes enfants avec un diagnostic de "trouble du spectre de l'autisme (dTSA). 

Dans cette étude, nous avons évalué les effets de l'ECT sur les comportements problématiques ciblés et non ciblés en dehors du contexte de formation, ainsi que le stress des parents, pour 30 jeunes enfants avec un dTSA et leurs parents. Des mesures indirectes des effets du traitement de généralisation ont été administrées avant et après le traitement ECT administré par télésanté. 

Les enfants ont démontré une amélioration significative des comportements problématiques ciblés (mesurés par observation) et non ciblés (mesurés via une liste de contrôle), à ​​la fois à l'intérieur et à l'extérieur du contexte de formation, et le stress des parents a été considérablement réduit après le traitement. 

Ces résultats suggèrent que l'impact de l'ECT peut s'étendre au-delà du contexte de la formation tant pour les enfants traités que pour les parents délivrant le traitement, même lorsque la généralisation n'est pas spécifiquement programmée pendant le traitement.

. 2021 May 27;1454455211018815.  doi: 10.1177/01454455211018815. 

Parent Ratings of Generalized and Indirect Effects of Functional Communication Training for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder

Matthew J O'Brien  ^{1   2} , Kelly E Pelzel  ^{1   2} , Nicole M Hendrix  ^{3   4} , Kelly M Schieltz  ^{1   2} , Kenzie Miller  ^{1   2} , Nathan A Call  ^{3   4} , Loukia Tsami  ⁵ , Dorothea C Lerman  ⁵ , Wendy K Berg  ^{1   2} , Todd G Kopelman  ^{1   2} , David P Wacker  ^{1   2} , Scott D Lindgren  ^{1   2}

Affiliations

• PMID: 34041956
• DOI: 10.1177/01454455211018815

Abstract

Functional communication training (FCT) is a behavioral treatment that has been shown to reduce problem behavior and increase appropriate communication in young children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). In this study, we assessed the effects of FCT on targeted and nontargeted problem behaviors outside of the training context, as well as parent stress, for 30 young children with ASD and their parents. Indirect measures of generalization treatment effects were administered prior to and following FCT treatment delivered via telehealth. Children demonstrated significant improvement on both targeted (measured via observation) and nontargeted (measured via checklist) problem behaviors, both within and outside of the training context, and parent stress was significantly reduced following treatment. These results suggest that the impact of FCT may extend beyond the training context for both the children being treated and the parents delivering treatment, even when generalization is not specifically programmed for during treatment.

Keywords: autism spectrum disorder; functional communication training; generalization; problem behavior; telehealth.

 

Utilisation de cannabis et de cannabinoïdes dans les "troubles du spectre de l'autisme" : une revue systématique

Aperçu: G.M.

Introduction:
Le trouble du spectre de l'autisme (TSA) est un trouble neurodéveloppemental caractérisé par des déficits persistants de la communication sociale et des interactions sociales, associés à la présence de modèles de comportement, d'intérêts ou d'activités restreints et répétitifs. Le cannabis a été utilisé pour soulager les symptômes associés aux TSA. 

Méthode:
Nous avons effectué une revue systématique des études portant sur les effets cliniques de l'usage du cannabis et des cannabinoïdes sur les TSA, selon les éléments de rapport préférés pour les revues systématiques et les méta-analyses (liste de contrôle PRISMA). La recherche a été effectuée dans quatre bases de données: MEDLINE / PubMed, Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO), Scopus et Web of Science. Aucune limite n'a été établie pour la langue lors du processus de sélection. Neuf études ont été sélectionnées et analysées. 

Résultats:
Certaines études ont montré que les produits à base de cannabis réduisaient le nombre et / ou l'intensité des différents symptômes, y compris l'hyperactivité, les attaques d'automutilation et de colère, les problèmes de sommeil, l'anxiété, l'agitation, l'agitation psychomotrice, l'irritabilité, l'agressivité, la persévérance et la dépression. De plus, ils ont constaté une amélioration de la cognition, de la sensibilité sensorielle, de l'attention, de l'interaction sociale et du langage. Les effets indésirables les plus courants étaient les troubles du sommeil, l'agitation, la nervosité et les changements d'appétit. 

Conclusion:
Le cannabis et les cannabinoïdes peuvent avoir des effets prometteurs dans le traitement des symptômes liés aux TSA et peuvent être utilisés comme alternative thérapeutique pour soulager ces symptômes. Cependant, des essais cliniques randomisés, à l'aveugle et contrôlés par placebo sont nécessaires pour clarifier les résultats sur les effets du cannabis et de ses cannabinoïdes chez les personnes avec un diagnostic de TSA.

. 2021 May 21.  doi: 10.47626/2237-6089-2020-0149. 

Cannabis and cannabinoid use in autism spectrum disorder: a systematic review

Estácio Amaro da Silva Junior  ¹ , Wandersonia Moreira Brito Medeiros  ¹ , Nelson Torro  ¹ , João Marçal Medeiros de Sousa  ² , Igor Bronzeado Cahino Moura de Almeida  ² , Filipe Barbosa da Costa  ² , Katiúscia Moreira Pontes  ² , Eliane Lima Guerra Nunes  ³ , Marine Diniz da Rosa  ⁴ , Katy Lísias Gondim Dias de Albuquerque  ⁵

Affiliations

• PMID: 34043900
• DOI: 10.47626/2237-6089-2020-0149

Abstract

Introduction: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by persistent deficits in social communication and social interaction, associated with the presence of restricted and repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities. Cannabis has been used to alleviate symptoms associated with ASD.

Method: We carried out a systematic review of studies that investigated the clinical effects of cannabis and cannabinoid use on ASD, according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA checklist). The search was carried out in four databases: MEDLINE/PubMed, Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO), Scopus, and Web of Science. No limits were established for language during the selection process. Nine studies were selected and analyzed.

Results: Some studies showed that cannabis products reduced the number and/or intensity of different symptoms, including hyperactivity, attacks of self-mutilation and anger, sleep problems, anxiety, restlessness, psychomotor agitation, irritability, aggressiveness perseverance, and depression. Moreover, they found an improvement in cognition, sensory sensitivity, attention, social interaction, and language. The most common adverse effects were sleep disorders, restlessness, nervousness and change in appetite.

Conclusion: Cannabis and cannabinoids may have promising effects in the treatment of symptoms related to ASD, and can be used as a therapeutic alternative in the relief of those symptoms. However, randomized, blind, placebo-controlled clinical trials are necessary to clarify findings on the effects of cannabis and its cannabinoids in individuals with ASD.

Systematic review registration: International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO), code 164161.

Keywords: Cannabis; autism; cannabidiol; cannabinoid; systematic review.

Perception de l'action prédictive à partir d'informations d'intention explicites dans l'autisme

Aperçu: G.M.

Les difficultés sociales dans les "troubles du spectre de l'autisme" (TSA) peuvent provenir d'une modulation descendante réduite des informations sensorielles qui empêche l'attribution spontanée d'intentions au comportement observé.
Cependant, bien que les personnes autistes soient capables de raisonner explicitement sur les états mentaux des autres, l'effet des informations d'intention abstraite sur les processus perceptifs n'a pas été testé.
Les participants TSA (n = 23) et un groupe témoin neurotypique (NT) (n = 23) ont observé une main soit en train d'atteindre un objet, soit de s'en retirer. Avant le début de l'action, le participant a soit demandé à l'acteur de "Prendre" ou "Laissez-le", ou a entendu l'acteur dire "Je vais le prendre" ou "Je vais le laisser", ce qui a fourni une intention explicite qui était tout aussi susceptible d'être congruente ou incohérente avec l'action ultérieure. La main a disparu avant la fin de l'action, et les participants ont signalé la dernière position vue du bout de l'index en touchant l'écran.
Les participants NT ont montré un biais prédictif en réponse à la direction de l'action (atteint perçu plus près de l'objet, retraits perçus plus loin), et en réponse à la connaissance préalable des intentions de l'acteur (plus près de l'objet après "Take it", plus loin après "Leave it ").
Cependant, les participants TSA ont présenté un biais de perception prédictif uniquement en réponse aux intentions explicites, mais pas en réponse au mouvement de l'action elle-même.
La perception des TSA n'est pas à l'abri de la modulation descendante. Cependant, les informations doivent être présentées explicitement indépendamment du stimulus lui-même, et non pas déduites d'indices inhérents au stimulus. 

. 2021 May 23. doi: 10.3758/s13423-021-01941-w. 

Predictive action perception from explicit intention information in autism

Matthew Hudson  ^{1   2} , Toby Nicholson  ³ , Anna Kharko  ³ , Rebecca McKenzie  ³ , Patric Bach  ^{3   4}

Affiliations

• PMID: 34027620
• DOI: 10.3758/s13423-021-01941-w

Abstract

Social difficulties in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) may originate from a reduced top-down modulation of sensory information that prevents the spontaneous attribution of intentions to observed behaviour. However, although people with autism are able to explicitly reason about others' mental states, the effect of abstract intention information on perceptual processes has remained untested. ASD participants (n = 23) and a neurotypical (NT) control group (n = 23) observed a hand either reaching for an object or withdrawing from it. Prior to action onset, the participant either instructed the actor to "Take it" or "Leave it", or heard the actor state "I'll take it" or "I'll leave it", which provided an explicit intention that was equally likely to be congruent or incongruent with the subsequent action. The hand disappeared before completion of the action, and participants reported the last seen position of the tip of the index finger by touching the screen. NT participants exhibited a predictive bias in response to action direction (reaches perceived nearer the object, withdrawals perceived farther away), and in response to prior knowledge of the actor's intentions (nearer the object after "Take it", farther away after "Leave it"). However, ASD participants exhibited a predictive perceptual bias only in response to the explicit intentions, but not in response to the motion of the action itself. Perception in ASD is not immune from top-down modulation. However, the information must be explicitly presented independently from the stimulus itself, and not inferred from cues inherent in the stimulus.

Keywords: Action prediction; Autism spectrum disorder; Implicit/explicit mentalizing; Predictive coding; Representational momentum.

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Comparaison des points de vue des pères et des mères sur le "trouble du spectre de l'autisme" de leur enfant

Aperçu: G.M.

Les mères sont souvent les principaux parents participants à la recherche sur les "troubles du spectre de l'autisme" (TSA). En conséquence, on sait peu de choses sur les perceptions des pères concernant les TSA de leurs enfants et si ces perceptions diffèrent de celles des mères.
Compte tenu des informations limitées disponibles concernant les perceptions des pères sur les TSA de leurs enfants, cette étude visait à étudier les variables pères (stress, adaptation, soutien et perception du handicap) et comment elles se comparent à celles des mères.
Les participants étaient 361 parents biologiques (294 mères et 67 pères) d'enfants autistes qui ont participé à une étude plus vaste.
Les résultats ont révélé des différences significatives entre le stress et l'adaptation autodéclarés par les mères et les pères.
Comprendre les différences entre les points de vue des parents a à la fois des implications de recherche et cliniques pour travailler avec des familles qui élèvent des enfants autistes.

. 2021 May 23.  doi: 10.1007/s10803-021-050

Comparing Fathers' and Mothers' Perspectives About Their Child's Autism Spectrum Disorder

Stacey C Grebe  ^{1   2} , Sarah S Mire  ³ , Hanjoe Kim  ³ , Milena A Keller-Margulis  ³

Affiliations

• PMID: 34027629
• DOI: 10.1007/s10803-021-05077-7

Abstract

Mothers are often the primary parent participants in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) research. As a result, little is known about fathers' perceptions regarding their children's ASD and whether these perceptions differ from mothers'. Given the limited information available regarding fathers' perceptions about their children's ASD, this study aimed to investigate father variables (stress, coping, support, and perception of disability) and how they compare to mothers'. Participants were 361 biological parents (294 mothers and 67 fathers) of children on the autism spectrum who participated in a larger study. Results revealed significant differences between mothers' and fathers' self-reported stress and coping. Understanding differences between parents' perspectives has both research and clinical implications for working with families raising children on the autism spectrum.

Keywords: Autism; Coping style; Fathers; Parental stress; Perception of disability; Support style.

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