Le microbiome gastro-intestinal: une revue

Aperçu: G.M.

Le microbiome gastro-intestinal est un consortium divers de bactéries, d'archées, de champignons, de protozoaires et de virus qui habitent l'intestin de tous les mammifères. Des études chez l'homme et d'autres mammifères ont impliqué le microbiome dans une série de processus physiologiques vitaux pour la santé de l'hôte, comprenant l'homéostasie énergétique, le métabolisme, la santé épithéliale intestinale, l'activité immunologique et le développement neurocomportemental.

Le génome microbien confère des capacités métaboliques supérieures à celles de l'organisme hôte seul, faisant du microbiome intestinal un participant actif de la physiologie de l'hôte.

Les changements dans le microbiome gastro-intestinal sont associés à des maladies chez les humains et les animaux, y compris les maladies inflammatoires de l'intestin, l'asthme, l'obésité, le syndrome métabolique, les maladies cardiovasculaires, les troubles immunitaires et les troubles neurodéveloppementaux.  

J Vet Intern Med. 2017 Nov 24. doi: 10.1111/jvim.14875.

The Gastrointestinal Microbiome: A Review

Barko PC¹, McMichael MA¹, Swanson KS^1,2, Williams DA¹.

Author information

1

Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL.

2

Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL.

Abstract

The gastrointestinal microbiome is a diverse consortium of bacteria, archaea, fungi, protozoa, and viruses that inhabit the gut of all mammals. Studies in humans and other mammals have implicated the microbiome in a range of physiologic processes that are vital to host health including energy homeostasis, metabolism, gut epithelial health, immunologic activity, and neurobehavioral development. The microbial genome confers metabolic capabilities exceeding those of the host organism alone, making the gut microbiome an active participant in host physiology. Recent advances in DNA sequencing technology and computational biology have revolutionized the field of microbiomics, permitting mechanistic evaluation of the relationships between an animal and its microbial symbionts. Changes in the gastrointestinal microbiome are associated with diseases in humans and animals including inflammatory bowel disease, asthma, obesity, metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular disease, immune-mediated conditions, and neurodevelopmental conditions such as autism spectrum disorder. While there remains a paucity of data regarding the intestinal microbiome in small animals, recent studies have helped to characterize its role in host animal health and associated disease states. This review is intended to familiarize small animal veterinarians with recent advances in the field of microbiomics and to prime them for a future in which diagnostic tests and therapies will incorporate these developments into clinical practice.

Copyright © 2017 The Authors. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine.

PMID: 29171095

DOI:10.1111/jvim.14875