02 mai 2017

Déficit gestationnelle en vitamine D et trouble du spectre de l'autisme

Aperçu: G.M.

Le but de l'étude est de déterminer l'association entre le statut gestationnel de la vitamine D et le TSA.

La déficience en vitamine D à mi-gestation était associée à un risque accru de TSA. Parce que la carence en vitamine D gestationnelle est facilement évitable avec une supplémentation sûre, peu coûteuse et facilement disponible, ce facteur de risque pourrait être évité.

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2017 Apr 10;3(2):85-90. doi: 10.1192/bjpo.bp.116.004077. eCollection 2017.

Gestational vitamin D deficiency and autism spectrum disorder

Vinkhuyzen AAE¹, Eyles DW², Burne THJ², Blanken LME³, Kruithof CJ⁴, Verhulst F⁵, White T⁵, Jaddoe VW⁶, Tiemeier H⁷, McGrath JJ⁸.

Author information

1: , PhD, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia; Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia.
2: , PhD, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia; Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, The Park Centre for Mental Health, Wacol, Australia.
3: , MD, MSc, The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
4: , MSc, The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
5: , MD, PhD, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
6: , MD, PhD, The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
7: , MD, PhD, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
8: , MD, PhD, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia; Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, The Park Centre for Mental Health, Wacol, Australia.

Abstract

BACKGROUND:

There is growing interest in linking vitamin D deficiency with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). The association between vitamin D deficiency during gestation, a critical period in neurodevelopment, and ASD is not well understood.

AIMS:

To determine the association between gestational vitamin D status and ASD.

METHOD:

Based on a birth cohort (n=4334), we examined the association between 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD), assessed from both maternal mid-gestation sera and neonatal sera, and ASD (defined by clinical records; n=68 cases).

RESULTS:

Individuals in the 25OHD-deficient group at mid-gestation had more than twofold increased risk of ASD (odds ratio (OR)=2.42, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.09 to 5.07, P=0.03) compared with the sufficient group. The findings persisted in analyses including children of European ethnicity only.

CONCLUSIONS:

Mid-gestational vitamin D deficiency was associated with an increased risk of ASD. Because gestational vitamin D deficiency is readily preventable with safe, inexpensive and readily available supplementation, this risk factor warrants closer scrutiny.

DECLARATION OF INTEREST:

None.

COPYRIGHT AND USAGE:

PMID: 28446959
PMCID: PMC5385921
DOI: 10.1192/bjpo.bp.116.004077

Études de FNIRS sur l'asymétrie hémisphérique dans la fonction neurale atypique dans les troubles du développement

Aperçu: G.M.

La latéralisation fonctionnelle est un trait hautement réplicable du système nerveux humain. Beaucoup d'études antérieures ont montré la possibilité que les personnes avec un diagnostic de déficit d'attention / trouble de l'hyperactivité (TDAH) et du trouble du spectre de l'autisme (TSA) présentent une asymétrie hémisphérique dans la fonction neurale atypique.

Cependant, malgré l'abondance des études pertinentes, il existe toujours une controverse sur cette question. Dans la mini-évaluation actuelle, les auteurs fournissent un aperçu de l'asymétrie hémisphérique dans la fonction neurale atypique observée dans les études de FNIRS sur les personnes avec ces conditions.

Les études existantes de FNIRS appuient l'atypie de droite-latéralisée chez les enfants avec TDAH. Dans le même temps, une latéralisation latérale claire dans une activation atypique chez les personnes avec TSA n'a pas été trouvée.

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2017 Apr 12;11:137. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2017.00137. eCollection 2017.

fNIRS Studies on Hemispheric Asymmetry in Atypical Neural Function in Developmental Disorders

Doi H¹, Shinohara K¹.

Author information

1: Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki UniversityNagasaki, Japan.

Abstract

Functional lateralization is highly replicable trait of human neural system. Many previous studies have indicated the possibility that people with attention-deficits/hyperactivity-disorder (ADHD) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) show hemispheric asymmetry in atypical neural function. However, despite the abundance of relevant studies, there is still ongoing controversy over this issue. In the present mini-review, we provide an overview of the hemispheric asymmetry in atypical neural function observed in fNIRS studies on people with these conditions. Atypical neural function is defined as group-difference in the task-related concentration change of oxygenated hemoglobin. The existing fNIRS studies give support to the right-lateralized atypicalty in children with ADHD. At the same time, we did not find clear leftward-lateralization in atypical activation in people with ASD. On the basis of these, we discuss the current states and limitation of the existing studies.

PMID: 28446869
PMCID: PMC5388750
DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2017.00137

Intervention mobile visant à stopper l'obésité chez les enfants d'âge préscolaire: l'essai contrôlé randomisé MINISTOP

Aperçu: G.M.

Les programmes traditionnels de prévention de l'obésité nécessitent beaucoup de temps et de coûts. La technologie des téléphones portables (mHealth) a réussi à modifier les comportements et à gérer le poids; Cependant, à notre connaissance, son potentiel chez les jeunes enfants n'a pas encore été examiné.

Cette étude de prévention de l'obésité de la mHealth chez les enfants d'âge préscolaire n'a trouvé aucune différence entre les Groupe d'intervention et de contrôle pour l'IMG ('indice de masse graisseuse). Cependant, le groupe d'intervention a montré un score composite postintervention considérablement plus élevé (un résultat secondaire) que le groupe témoin, en particulier chez les enfants ayant un IMG plus élevé.

D'autres études visant des classes spécifiques d'obésité chez les enfants d'âge préscolaire sont justifiées.

2017 Apr 26. pii: ajcn150995. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.116.150995.

Mobile-based intervention intended to stop obesity in preschool-aged children: the MINISTOP randomized controlled trial

Nyström CD¹, Sandin S^2,^3,⁴, Henriksson P⁵, Henriksson H⁵, Trolle-Lagerros Y^6,⁷, Larsson C⁸, Maddison R⁹, Ortega FB⁵, Pomeroy J¹⁰, Ruiz JR⁵, Silfvernagel K¹¹, Timpka T¹², Löf M¹³.

Author information

1: Departments of Biosciences and Nutrition, christine.delisle.nystrom@ki.se.
2: Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, and.
3: Department of Psychiatry, and.
4: Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, NY.
5: Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.
6: Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
7: Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
8: Department of Food and Nutrition and Sport Science, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
9: Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Victoria, Australia.
10: Marshfield Clinic Research Foundation, Marshfield, WI; and.
11: Departments of Behavioral Sciences and Learning, and.
12: Medical and Health Sciences, Faculty of the Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
13: Departments of Biosciences and Nutrition.

Abstract

Background: Traditional obesity prevention programs are time- and cost-intensive. Mobile phone technology has been successful in changing behaviors and managing weight; however, to our knowledge, its potential in young children has yet to be examined.Objective: We assessed the effectiveness of a mobile health (mHealth) obesity prevention program on body fat, dietary habits, and physical activity in healthy Swedish children aged 4.5 y.Design: From 2014 to 2015, 315 children were randomly assigned to an intervention or control group. Parents in the intervention group received a 6-mo mHealth program. The primary outcome was fat mass index (FMI), whereas the secondary outcomes were intakes of fruits, vegetables, candy, and sweetened beverages and time spent sedentary and in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity. Composite scores for the primary and secondary outcomes were computed.Results: No statistically significant intervention effect was observed for FMI between the intervention and control group (mean ± SD: -0.23 ± 0.56 compared with -0.20 ± 0.49 kg/m2). However, the intervention group increased their mean composite score from baseline to follow-up, whereas the control group did not (+0.36 ± 1.47 compared with -0.06 ± 1.33 units; P = 0.021). This improvement was more pronounced among the children with an FMI above the median (4.11 kg/m2) (P = 0.019). The odds of increasing the composite score for the 6 dietary and physical activity behaviors were 99% higher for the intervention group than the control group (P = 0.008).Conclusions: This mHealth obesity prevention study in preschool-aged children found no difference between the intervention and control group for FMI. However, the intervention group showed a considerably higher postintervention composite score (a secondary outcome) than the control group, especially in children with a higher FMI. Further studies targeting specific obesity classes within preschool-aged children are warranted. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02021786.

PMID: 28446496
DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.116.150995

Pathologie insulaire chez les jeunes avec un diagnostic d'autisme avec un haut fonctionnement cognitif et premier épisode psychotique

Aperçu: G.M.

Les troubles du spectre de l'autisme (TSA) et la psychose partagent des déficits de la cognition sociale. La région insulaire a été associée à la conscience de soi et de la réalité, ce qui peut être fondamental pour des interactions sociales appropriées.

Le volume et l'épaisseur réduits partagés dans les régions antérieure et postérieure de l'insula dans TSA et FEP (premier épisode psychotique) fournissent la première preuve provisoire que ces conditions partagent une pathologie structurelle qui peut être liée à une symptomatologie partagée.

2017 Apr 24:1-11. doi: 10.1017/S0033291717000988.

Insular pathology in young people with high-functioning autism and first-episode psychosis

Parellada M¹, Pina-Camacho L¹, Moreno C¹, Aleman Y², Krebs MO³, Desco M², Merchán-Naranjo J¹, Del Rey-Mejías A¹, Boada L¹, Llorente C¹, Moreno D¹, Arango C¹, Janssen J¹.

Author information

1: Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department,Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense,IiSGM, CIBERSAM. Ibiza 43,28009 Madrid,Spain.
2: Department of Experimental Medicine,Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón,IiSGM, CIBERSAM,Ibiza 43, 28009 Madrid,Spain.
3: INSERM, U894, "Psychophysiology of psychiatric disorders Lab," Center for psychiatry and neurosciences, University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité; Institut de Psychiatrie-GDR 3557; and Service Hospitalo-Universitaire, Centre Hospitalier Sainte-Anne,Paris,France.

Abstract

BACKGROUND:

Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) and psychosis share deficits in social cognition. The insular region has been associated with awareness of self and reality, which may be basic for proper social interactions.

METHODS:

Total and regional insular volume and thickness measurements were obtained from a sample of 30 children and adolescents with ASD, 29 with early onset first-episode psychosis (FEP), and 26 healthy controls (HC). Total, regional, and voxel-level volume and thickness measurements were compared between groups (with correction for multiple comparisons), and the relationship between these measurements and symptom severity was explored.

RESULTS:

Compared with HC, a shared volume deficit was observed for the right (but not the left) anterior insula (ASD: p = 0.007, FEP: p = 0.032), and for the bilateral posterior insula: (left, ASD: p = 0.011, FEP: p = 0.033; right, ASD: p = 0.004, FEP: p = 0.028). A voxel-based morphometry (VBM) conjunction analysis showed that ASD and FEP patients shared a gray matter volume and thickness deficit in the left posterior insula. Within patients, right anterior (r = -0.28, p = 0.041) and left posterior (r = -0.29, p = 0.030) insular volumes negatively correlated with the severity of insight deficits, and left posterior insular volume negatively correlated with the severity of 'autistic-like' symptoms (r = -0.30, p = 0.028).

CONCLUSIONS:

The shared reduced volume and thickness in the anterior and posterior regions of the insula in ASD and FEP provides the first tentative evidence that these conditions share structural pathology that may be linked to shared symptomatology.

PMID: 28436341
DOI: 10.1017/S0033291717000988

Recherche de convergence diagnostique croisée: mécanismes neuronaux régissant l'équilibre entre l'excitation et inhibition dans la schizophrénie et les troubles du spectre de l'autisme

Aperçu: G.M.

Des rapports théoriques récents ont proposé le déséquilibre d'excitation et d'inhibition (E / I) comme une hypothèse mécaniste, au niveau du réseau, sous-jacente au dysfonctionnement neuronal et comportemental et commun aux troubles du développement neurologique, en particulier le trouble du spectre de l'autisme (TSA) et la schizophrénie (SCZ).

Ces deux troubles partagent un certain chevauchement dans leur présentation clinique ainsi que leur convergence dans leurs gènes sous-jacents et leur neurobiologie. Cependant, il existe également des points clairs de dissociation en termes de phénotypes et de circuits neuronaux putativement affectés.

L'étude porte sur les travaux qui émergent de la littérature sur les neurosciences cliniques examinant les corrélats neuronaux du déséquilibre E / I chez les enfants et les adultes avec un diagnostic de TSA et d'adultes avec une SCZ chronique et débutant. Tout au long de cette revue, les auteurs discutent des points de convergence et de divergence dans la littérature TSAet SCZ, en mettant l'accent sur les perturbations dans l'équilibre E / I des neurones.

2017 May 15;81(10):848-861. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2017.03.005. Epub 2017 Mar 14.

Searching for Cross-Diagnostic Convergence: Neural Mechanisms Governing Excitation and Inhibition Balance in Schizophrenia and Autism Spectrum Disorders

Foss-Feig JH¹, Adkinson BD², Ji JL³, Yang G³, Srihari VH², McPartland JC⁴, Krystal JH⁵, Murray JD⁶, Anticevic A⁷.

Author information

1: Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, New York; Seaver Autism Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, New York; Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut. Electronic address: jennifer.foss-feig@mssm.edu.
2: Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.
3: Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut.
4: Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut.
5: Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; Division of Neurocognition, Neurocomputation, & Neurogenetics (N3), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; Department of Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut; Abraham Ribicoff Research Facilities, Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, Connecticut.
6: Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; Division of Neurocognition, Neurocomputation, & Neurogenetics (N3), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; Department of Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.
7: Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; Division of Neurocognition, Neurocomputation, & Neurogenetics (N3), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut; Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut.

Abstract

Recent theoretical accounts have proposed excitation and inhibition (E/I) imbalance as a possible mechanistic, network-level hypothesis underlying neural and behavioral dysfunction across neurodevelopmental disorders, particularly autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and schizophrenia (SCZ). These two disorders share some overlap in their clinical presentation as well as convergence in their underlying genes and neurobiology. However, there are also clear points of dissociation in terms of phenotypes and putatively affected neural circuitry. We highlight emerging work from the clinical neuroscience literature examining neural correlates of E/I imbalance across children and adults with ASD and adults with both chronic and early-course SCZ. We discuss findings from diverse neuroimaging studies across distinct modalities, conducted with electroencephalography, magnetoencephalography, proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and functional magnetic resonance imaging, including effects observed both during task and at rest. Throughout this review, we discuss points of convergence and divergence in the ASD and SCZ literature, with a focus on disruptions in neural E/I balance. We also consider these findings in relation to predictions generated by theoretical neuroscience, particularly computational models predicting E/I imbalance across disorders. Finally, we discuss how human noninvasive neuroimaging can benefit from pharmacological challenge studies to reveal mechanisms in ASD and SCZ. Collectively, we attempt to shed light on shared and divergent neuroimaging effects across disorders with the goal of informing future research examining the mechanisms underlying the E/I imbalance hypothesis across neurodevelopmental disorders. We posit that such translational efforts are vital to facilitate development of neurobiologically informed treatment strategies across neuropsychiatric conditions.

PMID: 28434615
DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2017.03.005

La connectivité fonctionnelle de l'état de repos du cerveau est préservée sous anesthésie de Sevoflurane chez les patients

Aperçu: G.M.

Les études de connectivité fonctionnelle jouent un rôle important dans la compréhension de la relation entre les connexions réseau et le phénotype comportemental des personnes avec un trouble envahissant du développement (TED).

L'anesthésie générale est un facteur de confusion dans les études d'imagerie fonctionnelle en raison de son effet sur la connectivité fonctionnelle. L'objectif de cette étude est d'examiner la connectivité fonctionnelle de l'état de repos (RS-FC) sous anesthésie de sévoflurane chez des personnes avec TED.

Les données des sujets ont été comparées aux données de seize témoins sans TED non anesthésiés.

Un total de 13 patients a été étudié. Six réseaux ont été étudiés, le réseau de mode par défaut (DMN), le réseau de contrôle exécutif (ECN), le réseau de salience (SN) ainsi que les réseaux auditifs, visuels et sensori-moteurs.

Les rapports précédents ont suggéré que même des niveaux d'anesthésie légers pourraient réduire les niveaux globaux de fluctuation dans les principaux réseaux de cerveau tels que DMN et ECN. Cependant, ces résultats fournissent des preuves solides que ces réseaux peuvent supporter des niveaux d'activité détectables chez les patients avec TED, même avec des niveaux profonds d'anesthésie.

2017 Apr 26. doi: 10.1089/brain.2016.0448.

Brain Resting State Functional Connectivity is preserved under Sevoflurane Anesthesia in patients with Pervasive Developmental disorders - a pilot study

Venkat Raghavan L¹, Bharadwaj S², Wourms V³, Tan A⁴, Jurkiewicz MT⁵, Mikulis DJ⁶, Crawley AP⁷.

Author information

1: Toronto Western Hospital, 26625, Department of Anesthesia , 399 Bathurst Street , Toronto, Canada , M5T 2S8 ; lashmi.venkatraghavan@uhn.on.ca.
2: Toronto Western Hospital, 26625, Department of Anesthesia, Toronto, Canada ; acharya.suparna@gmail.com.
3: University of Manitoba, 8664, Anesthesia, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada ; vpw130@mail.usask.ca.
4: King\'s College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, 8948, Anesthesia, London, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland ; audreytan@me.com.
5: Hospital of the University of Pennsylvia, Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States ; Michael.Jurkiewicz@utorotnto.ca.
6: Toronto Western Hospital, 26625, Joint Department of Medical imaging, Toronto, Canada ; mikulis@mac.com.
7: Toronto Western Hospital, 26625, Joint Department of Medical imaging, Toronto, Ontario, Canada ; crawley@uhnres.utoronto.ca.

Abstract

Background Functional connectivity studies play a huge role in understanding the relationship between the network connections and the behavioral phenotype of patients with Pervasive developmental disorders (PDD). However, some patients with PDD may not tolerate the imaging procedure while awake and they often need general anesthesia. General anesthesia is a confounding factor in functional imaging studies due to its effect on the functional connectivity. The objective of this study is to look at the resting state functional connectivity (RS-FC) under sevoflurane anesthesia in patients with pervasive developmental disorders. Method Adults with PDD scheduled for MRI of the brain under general anesthesia were recruited for the study. Resting state fMRI scans were acquired in all patients on a 3-Tesla scanner at 1 Minimum Alveolar Concentration (MAC) of sevoflurane. During the study period, end-tidal carbon dioxide and blood pressure were maintained at baseline value. Spontaneous BOLD fluctuations were measured, and a seed-voxel analysis done to identify the resting state networks. Subjects' data were compared with data from sixteen non-anesthetised healthy controls.. Results A total of 13 patients was studied. Six networks were investigated, the default mode network (DMN), executive control network (ECN), salience network (SN) as well as the auditory, visual and sensorimotor networks. At 1 MAC sevoflurane anesthesia, RS-FC was preserved in all the networks. Secondary analysis of connectivity showed a decrease in connectivity within the thalamus and an increase in DMN-ECN and DMN-SN cross-network connectivity in the anesthetized patient group compared to healthy controls. Conclusion Previous reports suggested that even mild levels of anesthesia could reduce overall fluctuation levels in major brain networks such as the DMN and ECN. However, our results provide strong evidence that these networks can sustain detectable levels of activity in patients with pervasive developmental disorders even under deep levels of anesthesia.

KEYWORDS:

Anesthesiology; Autism; Default mode network; Resting-state functional connectivity magnetic resonance imaging (R-fMRI)

PMID: 28443736
DOI: 10.1089/brain.2016.0448

01 mai 2017

Comparaison des substrats neuronaux de la réduction du délai entre les jeunes avec un diagnostic de trouble du spectre de l'autisme et de trouble obsessionnel-compulsif.

Aperçu: G.M.

Les chercheurs ont voulu vérifier si la prise de décision axée sur les récompenses est une caractéristique trans-diagnostique commune des deux troubles avec des substrats neurofonctionnels similaires ou si c'est un phénotype partagé avec des bases neuro-fonctionnelles différentielles-désordonnées.

Les garçons appariés selon l'âgés et le QI avec TSA (N = 20), avec TOC (N = 20) et 20 témoins sains, ont effectué une tâche de réduction du délai dans un IRMf.

Les garçons avec un diagnostic de TSA ont montré une plus grande impulsivité de choix comparés à ceux avec TOC et aux garçons témoins.

Cette première comparaison de l'IRMF entre les jeunes avec diagnostic de TSA et de TOC, en utilisant une tâche de prise de décision axée sur les récompenses, montre des anomalies neuro-fonctionnelles partagées au cours de la tâche dans les régions ventriculaires, ortoxiques et inférieures fronto-striatales, temporo-pariétales et cérébelleuses de la prévoyance temporelle et du traitement des récompenses, ce qui suggère des déficits neurofonctionnels de diagnostic trans-diagnostique.

2017 Apr 24:1-15. doi: 10.1017/S0033291717001088.

Comparison of neural substrates of temporal discounting between youth with autism spectrum disorder and with obsessive-compulsive disorder

Carlisi CO¹, Norman L¹, Murphy CM¹, Christakou A², Chantiluke K¹, Giampietro V³, Simmons A³, Brammer M³, Murphy DG⁴; MRC AIMS consortium, Mataix-Cols D⁵, Rubia K¹.

Author information

1: Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry,Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College,London,UK.
2: Centre for Integrative Neuroscience and Neurodynamics, School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, University of Reading,Reading,UK.
3: Department of Neuroimaging,Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College,London,UK.
4: Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences,Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College,London,UK.
5: Department of Clinical Neuroscience,Centre for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet,Stockholm,Sweden.

Abstract

BACKGROUND:

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) share abnormalities in hot executive functions such as reward-based decision-making, as measured in the temporal discounting task (TD). No studies, however, have directly compared these disorders to investigate common/distinct neural profiles underlying such abnormalities. We wanted to test whether reward-based decision-making is a shared transdiagnostic feature of both disorders with similar neurofunctional substrates or whether it is a shared phenotype with disorder-differential neurofunctional underpinnings.

METHODS:

Age and IQ-matched boys with ASD (N = 20), with OCD (N = 20) and 20 healthy controls, performed an individually-adjusted functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) TD task. Brain activation and performance were compared between groups.

RESULTS:

Boys with ASD showed greater choice-impulsivity than OCD and control boys. Whole-brain between-group comparison revealed shared reductions in ASD and OCD relative to control boys for delayed-immediate choices in right ventromedial/lateral orbitofrontal cortex extending into medial/inferior prefrontal cortex, and in cerebellum, posterior cingulate and precuneus. For immediate-delayed choices, patients relative to controls showed reduced activation in anterior cingulate/ventromedial prefrontal cortex reaching into left caudate, which, at a trend level, was more decreased in ASD than OCD patients, and in bilateral temporal and inferior parietal regions.

CONCLUSIONS:

This first fMRI comparison between youth with ASD and with OCD, using a reward-based decision-making task, shows predominantly shared neurofunctional abnormalities during TD in key ventromedial, orbital- and inferior fronto-striatal, temporo-parietal and cerebellar regions of temporal foresight and reward processing, suggesting trans-diagnostic neurofunctional deficits.

PMID: 28436342
DOI: 10.1017/S0033291717001088

La thiorédoxine n'est pas un marqueur pour la dépression de la résistance au traitement mais associée à une fonction cognitive: une étude sur le rTMS.

Aperçu: G.M.

On sait que le stress oxydatif élevé joue un rôle important dans le développement de la dépression et du dysfonctionnement cognitif. À ce jour, la thiorédoxine (TRX), une protéine antioxydante, a été étudiée comme marqueur pour les troubles psychiatriques tels que la schizophrénie, le trouble bipolaire et l'autisme, mais sa relation avec la dépression est encore être inconnue.

Les résultats indiquent que les niveaux de TRX ne peuvent pas être utilisés comme marqueur pour le traitement des dépressions résistantes aux traitements.

2017 Apr 22. pii: S0278-5846(16)30464-X. doi: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2017.04.025.

Thioredoxin is not a marker for treatment-resistance depression but associated with cognitive function: An rTMS study

Aydın EP¹, Genc A², Dalkıran M², Uyar ET², Özer ÖA², Karamustafalıoğlu KO².

Author information

1: Department of Psychiatry, Şişli Hamidiye Etfal Teaching and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey. Electronic address: efruzpirdogan@gmail.com
2: Department of Psychiatry, Şişli Hamidiye Etfal Teaching and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey.

Abstract

Elevated oxidative stress is known to play an important role in development of depression and cognitive dysfunction. To date, thioredoxin (TRX), an antioxidant protein, has been investigated as a marker for psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and autism but its relationship with depression is yet to be unknown. The aim of this study is to detect the TRX levels in patients with treatment-resistant depression (TRD), analyse the effect of rTMS (repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation) application on TRX levels and display the relationship of TRX with cognitive areas. This study included 27 treatment-resistant unipolar depression patients and 29 healthy subjects. Patients were evaluated by Hamilton Depression Scale (HDRS), Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HARS) and Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) before and after rTMS application. 23 of TRD patients were applied high-frequency rTMS over left DLPFC for 2 to 4weeks and plasma TRX levels of patients and healthy subjects were measured. No significant difference was determined between the TRX levels of patients and healthy subjects (p>0.05). After rTMS application there were significant decrease in severity of depression (p<0.001) and anxiety (p<0.001), and explicit improvement in cognitive areas (delayed memory, visual-spatial/executive abilities and language points) (all p<0.05). No difference was detected in TRX levels of the patients after rTMS application (p>0.005). High language scores of the patients were found to be associated with high TRX levels (p<0.005). Our study indicates that TRX levels cannot be used as a marker for TRD or rTMS treatment in TRD. In spite of this TRX levels have a positive correlation with language functions of the patients of TRD. More extensive studies are required to clarify the mechanism of action of TRX and the effect of TRX on cognitive functions.

PMID: 28442424
DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2017.04.025

La corrélation entre les concentrations d'ocytocine centrale et périphérique: un examen systématique et une méta-analyse

Aperçu: G.M.

Les résultats indiquent une coordination de la libération d'oxytocine centrale et périphérique après le stress et après administration intranasale. Bien que populaire, l'approche consistant à utiliser des niveaux d'ocytocine périphériques pour se rapprocher des niveaux centraux dans des conditions basales n'est pas justifiée par les résultats actuels.

2017 Apr 22. pii: S0149-7634(17)30144-6. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.04.017.

The correlation between central and peripheral oxytocin concentrations: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Valstad M¹, Alvares GA², Egknud M³, Matziorinis AM¹, Andreassen OA³, Westlye LT¹, Quintana DS⁴.

Author information

1: NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, University of Oslo, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
2: Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Australia; Cooperative Research Centre for Living with Autism (Autism CRC), Long Pocket, Brisbane, Australia.
3: NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, University of Oslo, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
4: NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, University of Oslo, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway. Electronic address: daniel.quintana@medisin.uio.no

Abstract

There is growing interest in the role of the oxytocin system in social cognition and behavior. Peripheral oxytocin concentrations are regularly used to approximate central concentrations in psychiatric research, however, the validity of this approach is unclear. Here we conducted a pre-registered systematic search and meta-analysis of correlations between central and peripheral oxytocin concentrations. A search of databases yielded 17 eligible studies, resulting in a total sample size of 516 participants and subjects. Overall, a positive association between central and peripheral oxytocin concentrations was revealed [r=0.29, 95% CI (0.14, 0.42), p<0.0001]. This association was moderated by experimental context [Q_b(4), p=0.003]. While no association was observed under basal conditions (r=0.08, p=0.31), significant associations were observed after intranasal oxytocin administration (r=0.66, p<.0001), and after experimentally induced stress (r=0.49, p=0.0011). These results indicate a coordination of central and peripheral oxytocin release after stress and after intranasal administration. Although popular, the approach of using peripheral oxytocin levels to approximate central levels under basal conditions is not supported by the present results.

PMID: 28442403
DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.04.017

Efficacité d'une aide préparatoire pour faciliter l'évaluation bocco-dentaire dans un groupe d'enfants saoudiens avec un diagnostic de trouble du spectre de l'autisme en Arabie saoudite centrale

Aperçu: G.M.

L'étude évalue l'efficacité d'un livre dentaire spécialement conçu (aide préparatoire) sur le comportement d'un groupe d'enfants saoudiens avec un diagnostic de TSA lors de leur première visite dentaire au Collège de médecine dentaire de l'Université King Saud de Riyad, en Arabie Saoudite.

40 enfants de 6 ans et plus étaient concernés.

Environ 47,5% des enfants ont agi positivement pendant la procédure dentaire. Le livre a eu un effet positif sur le comportement de 37,5% desenfants selon l'évaluation de leurs parents et est très efficace pour améliorer les connaissances dentaires des parents (67,5%)

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2017 May;38(5):533-540. doi: 10.15537/smj.2017.5.17398.

Effectiveness of a preparatory aid in facilitating oral assessment in a group of Saudi children with autism spectrum disorders in Central Saudi Arabia

Murshid EZ¹.

Author information

1: Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. E-mail. ezmurshid@hotmail.com.

Abstract

OBJECTIVES:

To evaluate the effectiveness of a specially-designed dental book (preparatory aid) on the behavior of a group of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) Saudi children during their first dental visit to the College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Methods: A cross-sectional double-blinded pre-and post clinical study consisting of 2 parts; a survey targeting the parents, and a clinical oral examination of their ASD children was conducted between January and June of 2016. Results: A total of 40 children (75% males and 25% females) with an average age of 6.1 years were included. Approximately 47.5% children acted positively during the dental procedure. The dental book had a positive effect on the behavior of 37.5% children according to their parents' evaluation and highly effective in enhancing the parents' dental knowledge (67.5%). Conclusion: Parents expressed positive opinions regarding the use of preparatory aids in the dental environment. Approximately half of the ASD children benefit from the preparatory aid used according to the parents' opinion, and the follow up survey showed improvement in the parent's dental knowledge and oral hygiene practices.

PMID: 28439605
DOI: 10.15537/smj.2017.5.17398