Autisme Information Science

11 mai 2017

Comment le trouble du spectre de l'autisme affecte-t-il le risque et la gravité de l'asthme chez l'enfant?

Aperçu: G.M.

Chez les enfants souffrant d'asthme, la TSA concomitante est associée à de meilleurs résultats liés à l'asthme, mais à un taux de traitement plus élevé. En outre, les données ne supportent pas les TSA comme facteur de risque d'asthme incident.

2017 May;118(5):570-576. doi: 10.1016/j.anai.2017.02.020.

How does autism spectrum disorder affect the risk and severity of childhood asthma?

Jónsdóttir U¹, Lang JE².

Author information

1: Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland.
2: Division of Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, Nemours Children's Hospital, Orlando, Florida; Division of Allergy/Immunology and Pulmonary Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina. Electronic address: Jason.Lang@Duke.edu.

Abstract

BACKGROUND:

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and asthma are among the most common chronic disorders in childhood. Both are associated with altered immune regulation and share several risk factors. The effects of ASD on risk for later asthma and asthma severity remain unclear.

OBJECTIVE:

To determine whether ASD in children increases the risk of incident asthma and worsens asthma severity.

METHODS:

We performed 2 distinct analytic designs (case-control and retrospective longitudinal cohort) using a multistate electronic health records database to assess the odds of new asthma and asthma severity among children with ASD. In both designs, children with ASD were matched with children without ASD according to sex, age, race, ethnicity, location, and insurance status. Pulmonary function, controller medication prescriptions, asthma exacerbations, and asthma-related hospitalizations were collected. The effects of ASD on asthma risk and severity were assessed using multivariable linear and logistic regression.

RESULTS:

Among children with asthma, ASD was associated with reduced exacerbations (odds ratio [OR], 0.71; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.54-0.92), better forced expiratory volume in 1 second/forced vital capacity ratio (0.876 vs 0.841, P < .001), and lower odds of airflow obstruction (OR, 0.53; 95% CI, 0.31-0.90) but had higher odds of asthma controller prescription (OR, 2.18; 95% CI, 1.62-2.93). In a longitudinal analysis of children without asthma, ASD was found to be protective for new asthma (OR, 0.44; 95% CI, 0.26-0.74).

CONCLUSION:

Among children with asthma, concomitant ASD is associated with better asthma-related outcomes but a higher controller treatment burden. In addition, our data did not support ASD as a risk factor for incident asthma.

PMID:28477788
DOI:10.1016/j.anai.2017.02.020

Efficacité d'un programme de TCC basé sur Internet pour les enfants avec un diagnostic de TSA avec un haut niveau de fonctionnement cognitif et un de l'anxiété comorbide: un essai contrôlé randomisé.

Aperçu: G.M.

Tous les essais menés à ce jour sur BRAVE-ONLINE pour les troubles anxieux des jeunes ont exclu les enfants avec un diagnostic de trouble du spectre de l'autisme et un haut niveau de fonctionnement cognitif (TSAHN) et, par conséquent, on ne sait pas si ces programmes pourraient être bénéfiques pour les enfants avec TSAHN.

Malgré la petite taille de l'échantillon, qui rend difficile la généralisation des résultats de l'étude sur une population de TSAHN, Le programme BRAVE-ONLINE peut être utile pour réduire les symptômes d'angoisse chez les enfants avec TSAHN, bien que les effets soient moins importants que ceux trouvés chez les enfants neurotypiques pour diverses raisons.

2017 Apr 26;218:260-268. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2017.04.032.

Efficacy of an internet-based CBT program for children with comorbid High Functioning Autism Spectrum Disorder and anxiety: A randomised controlled trial

Conaughton RJ¹, Donovan CL², March S³.

Author information

1: School of Applied Psychology, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Mount Gravatt Campus, Mount Gravatt, QLD 4122, Australia. Electronic address: rebecca.conaughton@griffithuni.edu.au
2: School of Applied Psychology, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Mount Gravatt Campus, Mount Gravatt, QLD 4122, Australia. Electronic address: c.donovan@griffith.edu.au.
3: School of Psychology and Counselling, Institute for Resilient Regions, University of Southern Queensland, Springfield Campus, Springfield, Qld 4432, Australia.

Abstract

BACKGROUND:

All trials conducted to date on BRAVE-ONLINE for youth anxiety disorders have excluded children with High Functioning Autism Spectrum Disorder (HFASD) and therefore it is unknown whether these programs might be beneficial to HFASD children. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of BRAVE-ONLINE in HFASD children with an anxiety disorder.

METHODS:

Forty-two HFASD children, aged 8-12 years, with an anxiety disorder, and their parents, were randomly assigned to either the BRAVE-ONLINE condition (NET) or a waitlist control (WLC). Diagnostic interviews and parent/child questionnaires were completed at pre-treatment, post-treatment and 3-month follow-up.

RESULTS:

At post- assessment, compared to children in the WLC condition, children in the NET condition demonstrated a significantly greater reduction in number of anxiety diagnoses, clinical severity of diagnosis, and self and parent reported anxiety symptoms, as well as significantly greater increases in overall functioning. However, loss of primary diagnosis in this sample was lower than in previous studies.

LIMITATIONS:

The small sample size, coupled with attrition rates, makes it difficult to generalise the findings of the study to HFASD population and to conduct analyses regarding mediators, moderators and predictors of outcomes.

CONCLUSIONS:

The BRAVE-ONLINE program may be useful in reducing anxiety symptoms in HFASD children, although the effects are less strong than those found in neurotypical children for a variety of reasons.

PMID:28477505
DOI:10.1016/j.jad.2017.04.032

L'administration d'oxytocine pendant le travail spontané: lignes directrices pour la pratique clinique. Chapitre 6: Risques fœtaux, néonatals et pédiatriques et effets néfastes de l'utilisation de l'augmentation de l'ocytocine pendant le travail spontané

Aperçu: G.M.

Il existe globalement 5 types de risques potentiels et d'effets néfastes auxquels l'utilisation d'ocytocine pendant le travail spontané peut exposer le foetus ou l'enfant: 1) difficultés d'adaptation à la vie extra-utérine, 2) l'ictère néonatale, 3) l'hyponatrémie néonatale, 4) la perturbation des réflexes de succion pendant la période néonatale, et 5) troubles du développement généralisé (troubles du spectre de l'autisme) chez les enfants.

La démonstration dans les enquêtes de population générale sur les effets indésirables suggérant que l'ocytocine est administrée dans des conditions non nécessairement recommandées ou optimales (indication, dosage, préparation).

Néanmoins, compte tenu de la fréquence actuelle de l'utilisation d'oxytocine pendant le travail spontané en France, notre groupe consultatif d'experts recommande aux médecins de faire preuve de prudence dans son utilisation et, en particulier, les équipes d'obstétrique rédigent des protocoles pour l'administration d'oxytocine pendant le travail spontané dans chaque maternité, analysent L'administration d'ocytocine lors des audits ou des examens de morbidité et de mortalité parmi les nouveau-nés avec une mauvaise adaptation à la vie extra-utérine et surveillent les taux d'administration d'ocytocine pendant le travail spontané dans chaque maternité.

2017 May 2. pii: S2468-7847(17)30110-1. doi: 10.1016/j.jogoh.2017.04.012. [Epub ahead of print]

Oxytocin administration during spontaneous labor: Guidelines for clinical practice. Chapter 6: Fetal, neonatal and pediatric risks and adverse effects of using oxytocin augmentation during spontaneous labor

Burguet A¹, Rousseau A².

Author information

1: Pédiatrie 2, CHU Dijon, 21030 Dijon Cedex, France; Réseau Périnatal Franche-Comté, CHU Besançon, 25030 Besançon Cedex, France. Electronic address: antoine.burguet@chu-dijon.fr.
2: Département de Maïeutique, EA 7285 RISCQ, UFR des Sciences de la Santé Simone Veil, Université Versailles Saint Quentin, 2, avenue de la Source-de-la-Bièvre, 78180 Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France.

Abstract

There are globally 5 types of potential risks and adverse effects to which oxytocin use during spontaneous labor might expose the fetus or child: 1) difficulties in adaptation to extrauterine life, 2) neonatal jaundice, 3) neonatal hyponatremia, 4) disruption of the sucking reflex and thus beastfeeding in the neonatal period, and 5) pervasive developmental disorders (autism spectrum disorders) in children. Numerous methodological difficulties make it impossible to establish a causal association between oxytocin exposure and these five adverse effects: lack of power of the randomized trials, selection of women in the randomized trials who are not representative of those observed in general population surveys, and inversely, the demonstration in general population surveys of adverse effects suggesting that oxytocin is administered in not necessarily recommended or optimum conditions (indication, dosage, preparation). Nonetheless, in view of the currently high frequency of oxytocin use during spontaneous labor in France, our expert advisory group recommends that physicians exercise caution in its use, and specifically that obstetrics teams draft protocols for oxytocin administration during spontaneous labor in each maternity ward, analyze oxytocin administration during audits or reviews of morbidity and mortality among newborns with a poor adaptation to extrauterine life, and monitor the rates of oxytocin administration during spontaneous labor in each maternity ward.

PMID:28476693
DOI:10.1016/j.jogoh.2017.04.012

Expérience maternelle d'éduquer des filles avc un diagnostic de trouble du spectre de l'autisme: une étude qualitative

Aperçu: G.M.

Une recherche de plus en plus nombreuse a cherché à caractériser les différentes présentations du trouble du spectre de l'autisme chez les garçons et les filles. On connaît beaucoup moins l'expérience maternelle et la relation mère-enfant chez les enfants avec un diagnostic de TSA en fonction du sexe de l'enfant. L'étude qualitative actuelle visait à étudier la relation mère-fille du point de vue des mères qui éduquent des filles avec un diagnostic de TSA avec une intelligence normale et une communication verbale fonctionnelle.

Onze interviews approfondies ont été réalisées avec des mères de filles atteintes de TSA, âgées de 10 à 19 ans.

Les mères ont signalé un sentiment d'exclusion de la population neurotypique et une population de TSA dominantes masculine et une transformation dans la relation. Les thèmes identifiés étaient le scepticisme et le diagnostic retardé, l'incrédulité des autres, le manque d'informations sur les filles avec un diagnostic de TSA, les demandes sociales plus élevées à l'adolescence, les défis de la puberté autour de l'hygiène, la déception au sujet de l'apparence physique, la vulnérabilité dans les relations et les inquiétudes sur le fonctionnement futur. La relation mère-fille a commencé avec une attente précoce d'une relation étroite et intime qui a ensuite subi une transformation qui a mis au défi la compétence maternelle, remodelé les attentes et créé un lien différent entre la mère et la fille.

Formation en compétences sociales pour les enfants avec un diagnostic de trouble du spectre de l'autisme à l'aide d'un système d'intervention comportementale robotique

Aperçu: G.M.

L'équipe a conçu un système de robot qui a aidé dans les programmes d'intervention comportementale des enfants avec un diagnostic de trouble du spectre de l'autisme (TSA).

Le programme d'intervention de huit sessions était basé sur le protocole d'enseignement discret et axé sur deux compétences sociales de base: le contact visuel et la reconnaissance de l'émotion du visage.

Les enfants avec TSA, âgés de 4 à 7 ans et ayant un QI verbal ≥ 60 ont été recrutés et répartis au hasard dans le groupe de traitement (TG) ou groupe témoin (CG).

Le robot thérapeutique a facilité l'intervention du traitement dans le TG, et l'assistant humain a facilité l'intervention du traitement dans le CG. Les procédures d'intervention étaient identiques dans les deux groupes. Les principales mesures de résultats comprenaient des questionnaires remplis par les parents, l'ADOS et la fréquence du contact avec les yeux, qui a été mesurée avec la méthode d'enregistrement par intervalle partiel.

Après avoir terminé le traitement, les pourcentages de contact oculaire ont été significativement augmentés dans les deux groupes. Pour la reconnaissance de l'émotion du visage, les pourcentages de réponses correctes ont été augmentés de manière similaires dans les deux groupes par rapport à la ligne de base (P> 0,05), sans différence entre TG et CG (P> 0,05).

2017 May 2. doi: 10.1002/aur.1778.

Social skills training for children with autism spectrum disorder using a robotic behavioral intervention system

Yun SS¹, Choi J², Park SK², Bong GY³, Yoo H^3,⁴.

Author information

1: Division of Mechanical Convergence Engineering, Silla University, Busan, Republic of Korea.
2: Center for Robotics Research, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, Republic of Korea.
3: Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Republic of Korea.
4: Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.

Abstract

We designed a robot system that assisted in behavioral intervention programs of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The eight-session intervention program was based on the discrete trial teaching protocol and focused on two basic social skills: eye contact and facial emotion recognition. The robotic interactions occurred in four modules: training element query, recognition of human activity, coping-mode selection, and follow-up action. Children with ASD who were between 4 and 7 years old and who had verbal IQ ≥ 60 were recruited and randomly assigned to the treatment group (TG, n = 8, 5.75 ± 0.89 years) or control group (CG, n = 7; 6.32 ± 1.23 years). The therapeutic robot facilitated the treatment intervention in the TG, and the human assistant facilitated the treatment intervention in the CG. The intervention procedures were identical in both groups. The primary outcome measures included parent-completed questionnaires, the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS), and frequency of eye contact, which was measured with the partial interval recording method. After completing treatment, the eye contact percentages were significantly increased in both groups. For facial emotion recognition, the percentages of correct answers were increased in similar patterns in both groups compared to baseline (P > 0.05), with no difference between the TG and CG (P > 0.05). The subjects' ability to play, general behavioral and emotional symptoms were significantly diminished after treatment (p < 0.05). These results showed that the robot-facilitated and human-facilitated behavioral interventions had similar positive effects on eye contact and facial emotion recognition, which suggested that robots are useful mediators of social skills training for children with ASD. Autism Res 2017,. © 2017 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

PMID: 28464438
DOI: 10.1002/aur.1778

10 mai 2017

Le chlorpyrifos prénatal conduit à des déficits autistiques chez les souris C57Bl6 / J

Aperçu: G.M.

Nos données indiquent que l'exposition gestationnelle au CPF (chlorpyrifos) a des effets délétères à long terme sur le comportement social et limite l'exploration d'objets nouveaux

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2017 May 2;16(1):43. doi: 10.1186/s12940-017-0251-3.

Prenatal chlorpyrifos leads to autism-like deficits in C57Bl6/J mice

Lan A^1,², Kalimian M¹, Amram B¹, Kofman O^3,⁴.

Author information

1: Department of Psychology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O.B. 653, Beer-Sheva, 84105, Israel.
2: Zlotowski Centre for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel.
3: Department of Psychology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O.B. 653, Beer-Sheva, 84105, Israel. kofman@bgu.ac.il
4: Zlotowski Centre for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel. kofman@bgu.ac.il.

Abstract

BACKGROUND:

Children are at daily risk for exposure to organophosphate insecticides, of which the most common is chlorpyrifos (CPF). Exposure of pregnant women to CPF was linked to decreased birth weight, abnormal reflexes, reduction in IQ, as well as increased maternal reports of signs of pervasive developmental disorder. The aim of current study was to examine the long term effects of prenatal exposure to CPF in C57BL/6 J (B6) mice with specific focus on social and repetitive behavior.

METHODS:

B6 female mice were treated with vehicle, 2.5 mg/kg CPF or 5 mg/kg of CPF on gestational days 12-15 by oral gavage. On postnatal days (PND's) 6-12 early development and neuromotor ability were assessed by measuring 3 neonatal reflexes in the offspring. In adulthood, PND 90, social behavior was investigated using the social preference, social novelty and social conditioned place preference tasks. Object recognition and restricted interest, measured by the repetitive novel object contact task (RNOC), were also assessed on PN D 90. In order to rule out the possibility that CPF administration induced alterations in maternal care, the dams' behavior was evaluated via the maternal retrieval task.

RESULTS:

CPF treatment resulted in delayed development of neonatal reflexes on PND's 6-12. On PND 90, mice treated prenatally with the 5.0 mg/kg dose exhibited reduced preference towards an unfamiliar conspecific in the social preference test and reduced social conditioned place preference. In the RNOC task, mice exposed prenatally to 2.5 mg/kg dose of CPF showed enhanced restricted interest. CPF administration did not impair dams' behavior and did not cause memory or recognition deficit as was observed in the object recognition task.

CONCLUSIONS:

Our data indicate that gestational exposure to CPF has long-term deleterious effects on social behavior and limits exploration of novel objects.

PMID: 28464876
PMCID: PMC5414283
DOI: 10.1186/s12940-017-0251-3

Augmenter l'engagement de loisirs fonctionnel pour les enfants atteints d'autisme à l'aide de l'enchaînement en arrière.

Aperçu: G.M.

La recherche avec des personnes handicapées a démontré l'utilité des approches d'intervention pour aborder le jeu avec jouet, également appelée engagement dans le loisir fonctionnel (FLE). Les exemples incluent l'introduction de FLE, le blocage de la stéréotypie et le renforcement différentiel d'un FLE approprié avec des renforçateurs sociaux ou automatiques.

Le chaînage arrière n'a pas encore été évalué, mais peut être utile pour établir un FLE plus complexe. L'étude actuelle comprenait un ensemble de traitement consistant en ces composantes avec trois enfants d'âge scolaire autistes dans une salle de classe thérapeutique.

Les résultats ont montré que tous les participants ont démontré une augmentation du FLE et deux participants ont montré une diminution de la stéréotypie.

2017 May 1:145445517699929. doi: 10.1177/0145445517699929.

Increasing Functional Leisure Engagement for Children With Autism Using Backward Chaining

Edwards CK¹, Landa RK^1,², Frampton SE¹, Shillingsburg MA^1,³.

Author information

1: 1 Marcus Autism Center, Atlanta, GA, USA.
2: 2 Western New England University, Springfield, MA, USA.
3: 3 Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.

Abstract

Research with individuals with disabilities has demonstrated the utility of intervention approaches to address toy play, also referred to as functional leisure engagement (FLE). Examples include prompting FLE, blocking stereotypy, and differentially reinforcing appropriate FLE with social or automatic (i.e., access to stereotypy) reinforcers. Backward chaining has yet to be evaluated, but may be useful for establishing more complex FLE. The current study employed a treatment package consisting of these components with three school-aged children with autism in a therapeutic classroom. Effects were evaluated during pretest and posttest sessions, which consisted of free access to toys in a novel setting. The percentage of session with FLE was evaluated using a multiple probe design across participants. Results showed all participants demonstrated an increase in FLE and two participants showed decreased stereotypy. Feasibility for classroom implementation is discussed.

PMID: 28466648
DOI: 10.1177/0145445517699929

09 mai 2017

La connectivité cérébrale fonctionnelle est atypique dans l'autisme? Une revue systématique des études EEG et MEG

Aperçu: G.M.

La grande variabilité des échantillons et de la méthodologie de l'étude rend impossible une analyse quantitative systématique (c'est-à-dire une méta-analyse) de ce type de recherche. Néanmoins, une tendance générale à l'hypothèse d'une sous-connectivité fonctionnelle à longue portée peut être observée.

2017 May 3;12(5):e0175870. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0175870. eCollection 2017.

Is functional brain connectivity atypical in autism? A systematic review of EEG and MEG studies

O'Reilly C^1,², Lewis JD³, Elsabbagh M^1,².

Author information

1: Douglas Mental Health University Institute, 6875 Boulevard Lasalle, Verdun, Canada.
2: Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, 1033 Pine Avenue West, Montreal, QC, Canada.
3: McGill Center for Integrative Neuroscience, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, 3801 University Street, Montréal, QC, Canada.

Abstract

BACKGROUND:

Although it is well recognized that autism is associated with altered patterns of over- and under-connectivity, specifics are still a matter of debate. Little has been done so far to synthesize available literature using whole-brain electroencephalography (EEG) and magnetoencephalography (MEG) recordings.

OBJECTIVES:

1) To systematically review the literature on EEG/MEG functional and effective connectivity in autism spectrum disorder (ASD), 2) to synthesize and critically appraise findings related with the hypothesis that ASD is characterized by long-range underconnectivity and local overconnectivity, and 3) to provide, based on the literature, an analysis of tentative factors that are likely to mediate association between ASD and atypical connectivity (e.g., development, topography, lateralization).

METHODS:

Literature reviews were done using PubMed and PsychInfo databases. Abstracts were screened, and only relevant articles were analyzed based on the objectives of this paper. Special attention was paid to the methodological characteristics that could have created variability in outcomes reported between studies.

RESULTS:

Our synthesis provides relatively strong support for long-range underconnectivity in ASD, whereas the status of local connectivity remains unclear. This observation was also mirrored by a similar relationship with lower frequencies being often associated with underconnectivity and higher frequencies being associated with both under- and over-connectivity. Putting together these observations, we propose that ASD is characterized by a general trend toward an under-expression of lower-band wide-spread integrative processes compensated by more focal, higher-frequency, locally specialized, and segregated processes. Further investigation is, however, needed to corroborate the conclusion and its generalizability across different tasks. Of note, abnormal lateralization in ASD, specifically an elevated left-over-right EEG and MEG functional connectivity ratio, has been also reported consistently across studies.

CONCLUSIONS:

The large variability in study samples and methodology makes a systematic quantitative analysis (i.e. meta-analysis) of this body of research impossible. Nevertheless, a general trend supporting the hypothesis of long-range functional underconnectivity can be observed. Further research is necessary to more confidently determine the status of the hypothesis of short-range overconnectivity. Frequency-band specific patterns and their relationships with known symptoms of autism also need to be further clarified.

PMID: 28467487
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0175870

Facteurs prénataux, périnatals et postnatals associés à l'autisme: une méta-analyse

Aperçu: G.M.

L'objectif de cette méta-analyse était d'étudier les facteurs de risque prénatal, périnatal et postnatal pour les enfants autistes.

Au cours de la période prénatale, les facteurs associés au risque d'autisme étaient mères et pères âgés de plus de 35 ans, l'ethnie des parents : blanc et asiatique, l'hypertension gestationnelle, le diabète gestationnel, l'éducation maternelle et paternelle, le diplôme d'études supérieures, la menace d'avortement et l'hémorragie antepartite.

Au cours de la période périnatale, les facteurs associés au risque d'autisme étaient l'accouchement par césarienne, l'âge gestationnel âgé de 36 semaines, la parité ≥ 4, le travail spontané, le travail induit, le non-travail, la présentation par siège, la prééclampsie et la détresse fœtale.

Au cours de la période postnatale, les facteurs associés au risque d'autisme étaient le faible poids à la naissance, l'hémorragie post-partum, le sexe masculin et l'anomalie du cerveau.

La parité ≥4 et le sexe féminin ont été associées à une diminution du risque d'autisme.

En outre, l'exposition à la cigarette, l'infection urinaire, l'éthnie des parents : africain et l'hispanique, le pays de naissance de la mère hors Europe et l'Amérique du Nord, le cordon ombilical autour du cou, la rupture prématurée de la membrane, le score Apgar de 5 minutes <7 et l'infection respiratoire n'étaient pas associés à un risque accru d'autisme.

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2017 May;96(18):e6696. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000006696.

Prenatal, perinatal, and postnatal factors associated with autism: A meta-analysis

Wang C¹, Geng H, Liu W, Zhang G.

Author information

1: Department of Pediatrics, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Yancheng, Yancheng City, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China.

Abstract

BACKGROUND:

The aim of this meta-analysis was to investigate the prenatal, perinatal, and postnatal risk factors for children autism.

METHODS:

PubMed, Embase, Web of Science were used to search for studies that examined the prenatal, perinatal, and postnatal risk factors for children autism. A fixed-effects model or random-effects model was used to pool the overall effect estimates.

RESULTS:

Data from 37,634 autistic children and 12,081,416 nonautistic children enrolled in 17 studies were collated. During the prenatal period, the factors associated with autism risk were maternal and paternal age≥35 years, mother's and father's race: White and Asian, gestational hypertension, gestational diabetes, maternal and paternal education college graduate+, threatened abortion, and antepartum hemorrhage. During perinatal period, the factors associated with autism risk were caesarian delivery, gestational age≤36 weeks, parity≥4, spontaneous labor, induced labor, no labor, breech presentation, preeclampsia, and fetal distress. During the postnatal period, the factors associated with autism risk were low birth weight, postpartum hemorrhage, male gender, and brain anomaly. Parity≥4 and female were associated with a decreased risk of autism. In addition, exposure to cigarette smoking, urinary infection, mother's and father's race: Black and Hispanic, mother's country of birth outside Europe and North America, umbilical cord around neck, premature membrane rupture, 5-minutes Apgar score<7, and respiratory infection were not associated with increased risk of autism.

CONCLUSION:

The present meta-analysis confirmed the relation between some prenatal, perinatal, and postnatal factors with autism. All these factors were examined individually, thus it was still unclear that whether these factors are causal or play a secondary role in the development of autism. Further studies are needed to verify our findings, and investigate the effects of multiple factors on autism, rather than the single factor.

PMID: 28471964
DOI: 10.1097/MD.0000000000006696

Méta-analyse des effets de l'ocytocine intranasale sur l'interprétation et l'expression des émotions

Aperçu: G.M.

Une interprétation précise et une expression appropriée des émotions sont des aspects clés de la connaissance sociale. Plusieurs troubles mentaux sont caractérisés par des difficultés transdiagnostiques dans ces domaines et, récemment, il y a eu un intérêt croissant à explorer les effets de l'ocytocine sur le fonctionnement socio-émotionnel. Cette revue comprend 33 études. Quinze des études comprenaient des personnes avec un diagnostic de trouble du spectre de l'autisme, de schizophrénie, de trouble de la personnalité limite, de démence frontotemporelle, d'anorexie mentale, de boulimie mentale, du syndrome de stress post-traumatique, de dépression et de dépendance aux opioïdes et à l'alcool.

Une seule dose d'oxytocine intranasale a considérablement amélioré la reconnaissance des émotions de base, en particulier la peur, et a augmenté l'expression d'émotions positives chez les personnes en bonne santé.

L'ocytocine n'a pas influencé de manière significative la théorie de l'esprit ni l'expression d'émotions négatives chez les personnes en bonne santé.

Enfin, l'ocytocine intranasale n'a pas eu d'influence significative sur l'interprétation ou l'expression d'émotions chez les populations cliniques.

2017 Apr 30. pii: S0149-7634(16)30744-8. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.04.010.

Meta-analysis of the effects of intranasal oxytocin on interpretation and expression of emotions

Leppanen J¹, Ng KW², Tchanturia K³, Treasure J⁴.

Author information

1: King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, Department of Psychological Medicine, London, United Kingdom. Electronic address: jenni.leppanen@kcl.ac.uk
2: Singapore General Hospital,20 College Road, Academia, 169865, Singapore.
3: King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, Department of Psychological Medicine, London, United Kingdom; Department of Psychology, Illia State University, Tbilisi, Georgia.
4: King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, Department of Psychological Medicine, London, United Kingdom.

Abstract

Accurate interpretation and appropriate expression of emotions are key aspects of social-cognition. Several mental disorders are characterised by transdiagnostic difficulties in these areas and, recently, there has been increasing interest in exploring the effects of oxytocin on social-emotional functioning. This review consists of 33 studies. Fifteen of the studies included people with autism spectrum disorder, schizophrenia, borderline personality disorder, frontotemporal dementia, anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, post-traumatic stress disorder, depression, and opioid and alcohol dependence. We conducted ten meta-analyses examining the effects of intranasal oxytocin on expression of emotions, emotional theory of mind, sensitivity to recognise basic emotions, and recognition of basic emotions. A single dose of intranasal oxytocin significantly improved the recognition of basic emotions, particularly fear, and increased the expression of positive emotions among the healthy individuals. Oxytocin did not significantly influence theory of mind or the expression of negative emotions among the healthy individuals. Finally, intranasal oxytocin did not significantly influence interpretation or expression of emotions among the clinical populations.

PMID:28467893
DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.04.010

Mesure de la superoxyde et de la dismutase sériques et pertinence de l'intensité du trouble chez les enfants autistes

Aperçu: G.M.

L'autisme est un trouble omniprésent et sa prévalence a augmenté dans les enquêtes récentes. On estime que 1 enfant sur 88 est affecté par l'autisme. Les symptômes du syndrome d'autisme apparaissent avant l'âge de trois ans. On pense que les taux sériques de superoxyde dismutase (SOD) peuvent jouer un rôle dans l'étiologie de l'autisme.

Le niveau moyen de SOD dans le groupe de traitement (1,04 ± 1,33 ng / ml) était significativement inférieur au groupe témoin (p = 0,001). Cependant, le niveau de SOD n'était pas significativement associé à la gravité de l'autisme (p = 0,667). Conclusions: La diminution des taux sériques de superoxyde dismutase dans le diagnostic précoce des enfants autistes peut être considérée comme un biomarqueur diagnostique.

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2015 Sep;10(4):315-318.

Measurement of Serum Superoxide Dismutase and Its Relevance to Disease Intensity Autistic Children

Mozhgan A¹, Sakineh S¹, Mohammad Reza K², Maryam H³.

Author information

1: Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Damghan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Damghan, Iran.
2: Allergy Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
3: Noor Hedayat, Center of Autism Spectrum Disorders, Mashhad, Iran.

Abstract

BACKGROUND:

Autism is a pervasive disorder and its prevalence increased in recent surveys. An estimated 1 out of every 88 children is affected by autism. Autism disorder symptoms appear before the age of three. It is believed that serum levels of superoxide dismutase may play a role in etiology of autism.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

Between October and November 2014, 27 Iranian children from Mashhad city were selected in this study. Given these assumptions, the amount of SOD serum in autistic patients and healthy individuals and correlation between the amount of SOD and autism severity were examined. Blood samples of 30 autistic children and 18 age-matched healthy children were collected between 9 to 11 am. Serum level of SOD in both groups was measured by ELISA method.

RESULTS:

The mean SOD level in the treatment group (1.04 ±1.33 ng/ml) was significantly lower than the control group (p = 0.001). However, SOD level was not significantly associated with the autism severity (p = 0.667). Conclusions: Decreased serum levels of superoxide dismutase in the early diagnosis of autistic children can be considered as a diagnostic biomarker.

PMID: 28465731
PMCID: PMC5394433