Traduction: G.M.
Adv Anat Embryol Cell Biol. 2017;224:27-48. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-52498-6_2.
Neuroanatomy and Neuropathology of Autism Spectrum Disorder in Humans
Ecker C1,2, Schmeisser MJ3,4,5, Loth E6, Murphy DG6.
Author information
- 1
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany. christine.ecker@kgu.de.
- 2
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College, London, UK. christine.ecker@kgu.de.
- 3
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany.
- 4
- Division of Neuroanatomy, Institute of Anatomy, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany.
- 5
- Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany.
- 6
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College, London, UK.
Abstract
Le
"trouble du spectre de l'autisme" (TSA) est une condition de
développement neurologique hétérogène qui est associée à des différences
dans l'anatomie du cerveau et la connectivité. Pourtant,
les mécanismes moléculaires et cellulaires qui sous-tendent le
développement atypique du cerveau dans les TSA restent mal compris. Ici,
nous examinons les résultats des études de neuroimagerie in vivo
examinant le cours du développement du cerveau atypique dans les TSA et
rapportons les différents stades neurodéveloppementaux qui sont
atypiques dans les TSA aux mécanismes neurobiologiques connus qui
entraînent la maturation du cerveau en développement typique. En
particulier, nous nous concentrons sur la notion de «surcroissance
cérébrale précoce» dans les TSA, ce qui peut entraîner des différences
dans la formation du micro et des macro-circuits du cerveau. En
outre, nous essayons de lier les rapports in vivo décrivant les
différences d'anatomie du cerveau et de connectivité au niveau
macroscopique au nombre croissant d'études post-mortem examinant
l'architecture neurale du cerveau dans les TSA au niveau microscopique. De plus, nous abordons les orientations futures et les questions en
suspens dans ce domaine particulier de recherche et soulignons la
nécessité d'établir le lien entre micro et macro-pathologie dans le même
groupe de personnes avec un diagnostic de TSA basés sur des progrès dans les
techniques génétiques, moléculaires et d'imagerie. En combinaison, ceux-ci peuvent se révéler inestimables pour la
stratification du patient et le développement de nouvelles
pharmacothérapies à l'avenir.
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a lifelong heterogeneous neurodevelopmental condition that is associated with differences in brain anatomy and connectivity. Yet, the molecular and cellular mechanisms that underpin the atypical developmental of the brain in ASD remain poorly understood. Here, we review the findings of in vivo neuroimaging studies examining the time course of atypical brain development in ASD and relate the different neurodevelopmental stages that are atypical in ASD to the known neurobiological mechanisms that drive the maturation of the typically developing brain. In particular, we focus on the notion of 'early brain overgrowth' in ASD, which may lead to differences in the formation of the brain's micro- and macro-circuitry. Moreover, we attempt to link the in vivo reports describing differences in brain anatomy and connectivity on the macroscopic level to the increasing number of post-mortem studies examining the neural architecture of the brain in ASD on the microscopic level. In addition, we discuss future directions and outstanding questions in this particular field of research and highlight the need for establishing the link between micro- and macro-pathology in the same set of individuals with ASD based on advances in genetic, molecular and imaging techniques. In combination, these may proof to be invaluable for patient stratification and the development of novel pharmacotherapies in the future.
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a lifelong heterogeneous neurodevelopmental condition that is associated with differences in brain anatomy and connectivity. Yet, the molecular and cellular mechanisms that underpin the atypical developmental of the brain in ASD remain poorly understood. Here, we review the findings of in vivo neuroimaging studies examining the time course of atypical brain development in ASD and relate the different neurodevelopmental stages that are atypical in ASD to the known neurobiological mechanisms that drive the maturation of the typically developing brain. In particular, we focus on the notion of 'early brain overgrowth' in ASD, which may lead to differences in the formation of the brain's micro- and macro-circuitry. Moreover, we attempt to link the in vivo reports describing differences in brain anatomy and connectivity on the macroscopic level to the increasing number of post-mortem studies examining the neural architecture of the brain in ASD on the microscopic level. In addition, we discuss future directions and outstanding questions in this particular field of research and highlight the need for establishing the link between micro- and macro-pathology in the same set of individuals with ASD based on advances in genetic, molecular and imaging techniques. In combination, these may proof to be invaluable for patient stratification and the development of novel pharmacotherapies in the future.
- PMID:28551749
- DOI:10.1007/978-3-319-52498-6_2
